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One-stop Sharing and Service System for Geoscience Knowledge Graph ZHU Yunqiang, DAI Xiaoliang, YANG Jie, WANG Shu, SUN Kai, QIU Qinjun, LI Weirong, QI Yanmin, HU Lei, LYU Hairong, WANG Xinbing, ZHOU Chenghu Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 325-336.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023029 Abstract （1219）      PDF （7167KB）（630）       Knowledge map    Save As the most effective way of knowledge organization and service at present, knowledge graph has become the cornerstone of artificial intelligence and has been widely used in semantic search, machine translation, information recommendation and so on. In the era of big data, there is an urgent need of Geoscience knowledge graphs for integrating, mining and analysis of scattered, multi-source and heterogeneous Geo-data and its unknown knowledge intelligent discovery. To promote the construction and application of Geoscience knowledge graphs, the Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) International Big Science Program has taken knowledge graph as its one of the core research contents since its launch in 2019. After more than three years of construction, DDE has built a large number of Geoscience knowledge graphs, and it strong needs one-stop sharing and service system of these knowledge graphs. Firstly, this paper introduces the content framework, composition as well as characteristics of the DDE knowledge graphs. On this basis, the design of the one-stop sharing and service system for the Geoscience knowledge graph is designed that include the design of the system functional and technical architecture. Finally, the development and operation environment & tools, and key technologies of the system are discussed in detail. The practice has proved that the system can effectively realize the one-stop sharing and open access of DDE knowledge graphs. Meanwhile, it sets an example for other fields or domains’ knowledge graph integrating and sharing systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genesis Process of the Cretaceous Daqushan Pluton in Zhejiang Province: Crystal-Melt Separation and Magmatic Recharge HE Chen, XIA Yan, XU Xisheng, QIU Jiansheng, XU Hang, ZHANG Zhi, ZHAO Sidi Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 657-678.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022018 Abstract （1149）      PDF （11167KB）（1042）       Knowledge map    Save The models of trans-crustal magmatic system and crystal mush provide new insights into the study of Cretaceous magmatism in northeast China. The Daqushan pluton is located in the northeast of coastal Zhejiang and Fujian. It is mainly composed of K-feldspar granite with abundant melanocratic microgranular enclaves (MME) and is locally traversed by several mafic-intermediate dikes. A small outcrop of monzonite is exposed near the Chaotoumen. MME have a fine-grained texture with acicular apatites. Zircon U-Pb dating results show that the rock samples in the Daqushan pluton (including the K-feldspar granite, MME, monzonite, and mafic-intermediate dikes) crystallized at ~100 Ma. The K-feldspar granite are highly silicic (SiO2=68.45%-73.82%). While the miarolitic granite (DQS-7) without MME has the higher silica (76.27%), and its whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotope compositions are similar to those of coeval high silica granites (SiO2>75%) exposed around the Daqushan pluton. Daqushan K-feldspar granite bearing aggregates of plagioclase and K-feldspar exhibit“complementary”trace element geochemical characteristics with Daqushan miarolite and surrounding high silica granites. Further researches show that the Daqushan K-feldspar granite and miarolite were formed by felsic magma which originated from the partial melting of the ancient crustal basement and was recharged by mantle-derived magma. Such felsic magma underwent fractional crystallization and the extraction of high silica melt. Then, the residual silicic cumulate of the crystal mush and high silica melt crystallized and formed the Daqushan K-feldspar granite, miarolite and the surrounding coeval high silica granites. The mafic dikes of Daqushan are enriched in LILEs and depleted in HFSEs and are derived from the partial melting of the enriched mantle metasomatized by subducted dehydration fluids. The results of EPMA analyses indicate that the plagioclase in the K-feldspar granite and MME has a core-mantle-rim texture with low- An in the core (27-36, 25-41) and rim (17-32, 18-26) and relatively high-An in the mantle (28-57, 27-65). Integration of the element geochemical characteristics and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic results, monzonite and intermediate dikes should be the product of magma mixing of mantle-derived mafic magma and felsic magma, while MME are the product of magma mingling of the two endmembers. The results of the Al-in-hornblende geobarometer show that the crystallization depth of MME is 1.8- 3.0 km, hornblende in monzonite develops core-mantle-rim texture, the crystallization depth of hornblende core and mantle is 17.0-21.2 km, and the depth of hornblende rim is 1.9-4.5 km. Based on the study of the origin and genetic relationships of K-feldspar granite, MME, miarolite, monzonite and mafic-intermediate dikes, and compared with the surrounding coeval high silica granites, this study establishes a model of trans-crustal magmatic systems for Daqushan pluton. The rollback of the subducting paleo-Pacific plate, the back-arc extension in the coastal area and the upwelling of the asthenosphere led to the underplating of the mantle-derived mafic magma, and further induced the partial melting of basement rocks in the lower crust to produce felsic magma. The continuous recharge and heating of mantle-derived magma favor the existence of long-lived melt-bearing regions in magma chambers, promoting magma differentiation and crystal-melt separation and thus forming two magma chambers with depths of 17-21 km and 2-3 km, respectively. K-feldspar granite, high silica granites, monzonite, MME and intermediate-mafic dikes were formed by magma mingling/mixing and crystal-melt separation in two connected magma chambers at different depths. Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of New Taxa on Global Vertebrate Fossil during 2017-2021 WANG Haohan, ZHU Min, SHI Xiaodong, PAN Zhaohui Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 788-794.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022026 Abstract （1100）      PDF （2181KB）（287）       Knowledge map    Save Biodiversity data of vertebrate fossils is important information source for studying earth history and life evolution. The species list of vertebrate fossils is an essential basis for studying the diversity of global vertebrate fossils. Reviewing new taxa and literature on vertebrate fossils can reveal the research hotspots of vertebrate fossils diversity and grasp disciplinary development directions on a time scale. Based on the DeepBone Database, this study reviews the annual variation characteristics of taxa and literature, distribution countries of the holotype, published journals, and significant contributing institutions of new taxa on the different categories of global vertebrate fossils during 2017-2021 using bibliometrics analysis. The result shows that 2662 new taxa emerged, and 1946 literature were published on global vertebrate fossils during 2017-2021. New taxa and literature on vertebrate fossils have decreased since the outbreak of COVID-19 at the end of 2019. Countries with a high distribution of the holotype of new taxa for global vertebrate fossils during 2017-2021 and are rich in vertebrate fossil resources, are strong in the economic and scientific research, mainly including the United States, China, New Zealand, Argentina, and Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cretaceous Research, Historical Biology, PeerJ, and Journal of Systematic Palaeontology are the prominent journals on new taxa of vertebrate fossils. The institutions with a high contribution to the new taxa for vertebrate fossils are the Chinese Acad Sci, Russian Acad Sci, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Nat Hist Museum, and the research cooperations of various institutions are very close. The study of taxonomy on vertebrate fossils in China has reached a high level in the world. We should continue to strengthen the accumulation of primary data on vertebrate fossils diversity to provide the DeepBone database for exploring the origin and evolution of bio diversity in the future.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Macroscopic and Mesoscopic Investigation on the Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Coral Limestone at Different Depths MA Linjian, LIU Huachao, ZHANG Wei, LI Qi, ZHU Honghu, WU Jiawen Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 471-478.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021074 Abstract （1069）      PDF （2519KB）（467）       Knowledge map    Save In order to investigate the physical and mechanical characteristics of coral reefs with different depth in the South China Sea, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray tomography (CT) technology are used to characterize the micro morphology and internal pore structure characteristics of shallow and deep reef limestone. Quantitative relationships between P-wave velocity and porosity as well as density were established. Uniaxial compression tests on dry and saturated reef limestone were also carried out. Results show that shallow reef limestone is porous with excellent pore connectivity, and the main mineral composition is aragonite, which belongs to the biological sedimentary rock. While deep reef limestone is dense with poor pore connectivity, and the main mineral composition is calcite, belonging to the metamorphic rock. The porosity of deep reef limestone is about 1/10, with an average peak compressive strength of about 4.8 times and an average elastic modulus of about 4.5 times that of shallow reef limestone. Reef limestone belongs to soft or extremely soft rock, characterized by brittle destruction property. The typical damage pattern is multiple rupture surface destruction along the primary pore, growing line of corals and weak bond surface, with high  residual strength. The hydrogenic effect of reef limestone is significant, and the water rationality of deep reef limestone is stronger than shallow reef limestone. The significant difference of physical and mechanical performances in shallow and deep reef limestone are mainly due to the variety in mineral components, pore structure and lithology caused by the varying degree of rock cementation with different depths. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tectonic Attributes and Continental Affinities of the Precambrian Blocks in the Southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt WANG Bo, SUN Zhaochen, SONG Fang, NI Xinghua, CAO Tingting, LIU Jiashuo Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 439-454.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021073 Abstract （984）      PDF （2285KB）（178）       Knowledge map    Save Numerous ribbon-like micro-plates develop in the southwestern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), they are important constituents of the Kazakhstan microcontinent, understanding of their tectonic attributes, continental affinities and crustal evolution is essential for the reconstruction of the accretionary history and geodynamic processes of the CAOB. The controversies remain for a long time about the basement compositions, tectonic settings and affinities of the micro-plates. This paper compiles recently published geological and isotopic chronological data, and summarizes rock assemblages, ages and tectonic settings of the Precambrian basement, and further analyzes the tectonic attributes of the micro-plates and their possible affinities with the surrounding continental plates. The available data indicate that the Meso- and Paleoproterozoic crystalline basement only develop in a few micro-plates (such as Chinese Central Tianshan, Kyrgyz Middle Tianshan, Issyk-Kul, Zheltau and Kokchetav), but are not recorded in the other micro-plates (such as South Yili, North Yili-Aktau, Chu-Ili, Karatau, Baikonur, Erementau and Ulutau) in the SW CAOB. However, similar Neoproterozoic metamorphic and magmatic rocks were documented in all these micro- plates and form the comparable metamorphic and crystalline basement. A comprehensive comparison and analysis allow us to conclude that these micro-plates may have different origins, but they experienced similar tectonic and magmatic evolution since Neoproterozoic, and underwent comparable paleogeographic environment, suggesting Early Neoproterozoic convergent orogenesis, Late Neoproterozoic continental rifting and formation of passive continental margins during the opening of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Related Articles | Metrics

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Structural Characteristics and Deformation Mechanisms of Multipledetachments in Luzhou area, Southeastern Sichuan Basin ZHAO Shengxian, XU Wenqiao, YANG Xuefeng, YIN Hongwei, LI Bo, WANG Wei, ZHANG Chenglin, JIA Dong, LIU Yongyang, XIE Wei, ZHANG Dongjun, LI Changsheng Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 726-734.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022029 Abstract （938）      PDF （7113KB）（273）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, shale gas exploration and development in southeastern Sichuan has gradually expanded to the deep areas. The Luzhou area shows great potential of shale gas exploration and development with the depth over 3500 m. In order to further clarify the characteristics and evolution mechanism of various structural deformation in Luzhou area, the main controlling factors of fold belt were explored by using discrete element numerical simulation based on structural analysis of seismic data, and the evolution process of Mesozoic and Cenozoic was restored. And the following research results show that multiple detachment layers and regional tectonic compression are the main controlling factors of structural deformation in Luzhou area. Influenced by multiple detachment layers, Luzhou area has developed low steep thin-skinned structure and obvious vertical stratification, forming complex structure such as fault-propagation folds, detachment folds, buried folds and duplex structures between detachment layers. Among them, the lower Cambrian gypsum rock plays a major role in controlling the deformation, and the gypsum rock and shale slippage coordinate and accumulate towards the core of the anticlines. Since the late Yanshanian, the multi-detachment allochthonous succession with regional compression in Luzhou area were developed the thin-skinned comb-shaped folds. The fold belt rose again in Himalayan, the displacement of the original fault sand shear zones increased, and a series of secondary faults and buried folds formed between the detachment layers. The reservoirs are easy to be destroyed at anticline zones, while the syncline areas are a favorable area for shale gas exploration. The relatively simple deformation for syncline composed of ramp thrusts results in comparable stable internal stress distribution. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Analysis and Enlightenment of Geoscience Knowledge Graphs: A Perspective of Construction Methods and Contents ZHU Yunqiang, SUN Kai, LI Weirong, WANG Shu, SONG Jia, CHENG Quanying, YANG Jie, MU Xinglin, GENG Wenguang, DAI Xiaoliang Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 382-394.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021111 Abstract （915）      PDF （1366KB）（349）       Knowledge map    Save Geoscience knowledge graphs (GKGs) formally represent geoscience knowledge in a way of directed graph and have strong capabilities in knowledge representation, openness and interconnectivity, and reasoning and prediction. GKGs have been one of the important infrastructures for the development of combining geoscience and artificial intelligence, thereby becoming one of the important research focuses in geoscience. Therefore, many international scientific organizations or groups have successively carried out studies in this domain, and constructed some representative GKGs. However, there is a lack of an in-depth study and analysis of these existing GKGs. To this end, this paper makes a systematic comparative analysis on their general information, construction methods, and main contents. On this basis, some enlightenments about future research of GKGs are discussed. In terms of the construction method, a unified representation framework for GKGs should be built, the source of geoscience knowledge should be enhanced by conflating multi-source and multimodal data, and methods for the representation and computation of geoscience knowledge should be studied. Regarding the contents of GKGs, complex spatiotemporal characteristics, relations, and reasoning rules should be considered. From the perspective of application, methods for assessing quality and making correction for geoscience knowledge should be developed, and application effects of GKGs should be improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Deformation Prediction of Reservoir Landslides Using Knowledge Graph Optimized Kalman Filter HE Wangyan, ZHANG Wei, LI Houzhi, PAN Bo, DENG Lu, ZHU Honghu, SHI Bin Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 372-381.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022068 Abstract （857）      PDF （3065KB）（365）       Knowledge map    Save Reservoir landslides occur frequently in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Predicting the deformation of the landslides is an important measure to reduce the risk. This paper constructs a Chinese reservoir landslide knowledge graph combined with multivariate Taylor series Kalman filter and proposes a knowledge graph optimized Kalman filter model KG-MTKF. Taking the Xinpu landslide in Fengjie County in the Three Gorges Reservoir area as an example, the effectiveness of the model was verified by using on-site monitoring data. Results show that compared with the monitoring data, the multivariate Taylor series Kalman filter model (MT-KF) and the knowledge graph optimized Kalman filter model (KG-MTKF) show good consistency in the stationary stage when used to predict reservoir landslides. In the initial stage and step-like stage of the landslide deformation, the prediction accuracy of KG-MTKF is higher. The error of the two models in the initial stage is relatively large, which is caused by the small initial deformation value of the landslide and the more significant influence of system noise. The errors of the two models are relatively small in the step-like stage, the stationary stage, and the entire monitoring cycle, and KG-MTKF has higher accuracy than MT-KF. For nonlinear dynamic systems like Xinpu landslides, the KG-MTKF can maintain high accuracy and strong robustness at different positions and deformation stages. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Joint Extraction Method of Entity Relations in Geological Domain QIU Qinjun, WANG Bin, XU Dexin, MA Kai, XIE Zhong, PAN Shengyong, TAO Liufeng Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 419-428.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023026 Abstract （853）      PDF （1153KB）（295）       Knowledge map    Save Entity relationship extraction for the geological domain is the basis for building a geological knowledge graph, and is very important for text information extraction and knowledge base construction in the geological domain. In view of the complexity of entity relations in geological domain and the lack of a manually annotated corpus, a joint extraction model for entity relations in geological domain is proposed, focusing on the recognition of complex overlapping relations in multiple geological texts and avoiding cascading errors caused by entity recognition errors in the traditional pipeline model. In this paper, a high-quality corpus of entity relations in the geological domain is constructed, and a pre-trained language model based on BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and BiGRU (Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units) is proposed. Recurrent Units and Conditional Random Field (CRF) sequence annotation models to achieve joint extraction of entity relations. Experiments were conducted on the constructed dataset, and the results showed that the F1 value of the joint extraction model proposed in this paper reached 0.671 for entity relationship extraction, which verified the effectiveness of the model in this paper for geological entity relationship extraction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stagnant Lid Tectonics in the Early Earth and Its Transition to Plate Tectonics YANG Haokun, LI Jianghai Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (6): 862-871.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022052 Abstract （847）      PDF （958KB）（122）       Knowledge map    Save Plate tectonics has been regarded as the dominant tectonic regime on the earth today, but what was earth’s tectonic regime before the present plate tectonics began and when the present plate tectonics began are still controversial. To understand the evolution of earth and predict its future, we are required to clarify this question. Previously, researchers generally reached a consensus on an uniformitarian view that the early earth’s tectonics was similar to the present plate tectonics. However, with the accumulation of geological data and the progress of research technology, the idea of the transition from stagnant lid tectonics to modern plate tectonics was increasingly accepted. The so called “stagnant lid” refers to single plate around earth surface. In this paper, firstly we review the hypothesis of possible tectonic regime models in the early Earth under the background of stagnant lid tectonics, including heat pipe tectonics, plutonic-squishy lid model, mantle overturn and lid-and-plate tectonics. Then we review the latest research of the transition from stagnant lid tectonics to plate tectonics in early Earth. We believe that the mainstream researchers have reached a roughly consistent framework, that is, the transition from stagnant lid tectonics to plate tectonics occurred in the Meso-Neoarchean, and the modern plate tectonics may have formed in the Neoproterozoic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and Application of Lithofacies Paleogeography Knowledge Graphs ZHANG Jiajia, ZHANG Lei, ZHONG Hanting, WANG Han, CHEN Anqing, LI Fengjie, REN Qiang, ZHENG Dongyu, ZHAO Hongyi, HOU Mingcai Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 345-358.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023027 Abstract （839）      PDF （2348KB）（280）       Knowledge map    Save Big data has brought new ideas and challenges to lithofacies paleogeography research. However, due to the problems of complex data types, rich semantic relationships and unclear sharing mechanisms, it is difficult to conduct in-depth data mining, analysis, and effective utilization of lithofacies paleogeographic data, which makes making many advantages of big data not fully exploited in this field. The powerful semantic processing and open interconnection capabilities of knowledge graphs, make it plays an important role in solving the problems of big data text analysis and image understanding, which and haves broad application prospects. This paper summarizes the research background of lithofacies paleogeography knowledge graphs from the perspective of construction and application; by systematically investigates investigating the construction ideas, technologies and processes of lithofacies paleogeography knowledge graphs., and The paper also lists outlines the relevant applications of knowledge graphs in lithofacies paleogeography; and points out the main problems of lithofacies paleogeography knowledge graphs, prospects for future research directions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Text-oriented Geological Semantic Information Annotation and Corpus Construction ZHANG Xueying, ZHANG Chunju, WANG Chen, LIU Wencong, PENG Ye, LU Yanxu Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 429-438.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023028 Abstract （836）      PDF （4406KB）（203）       Knowledge map    Save The structured extraction of geological information, semantic analysis, visual expression and the construction of knowledge map in text will provide a strong data foundation and technical support for the deep mining and utilization of geological big data. Whether it is a traditional statistical model or a deep learning model, the semantic analysis of geological information needs the support of tag corpus. In particular, the textual description of geological information has domain characteristics and cannot be achieved by migrating natural language corpora. Therefore, the construction of different levels of geological information annotation corpus has become the key foundation of geological semantic information analysis. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the geological semantic information description language in Chinese text, according to the spatial and temporal characteristics and attribute description features of the geological entities, various semantic relations of geological entities are clearly expressed, and the geological semantic information is formed, formulating Chinese text labeling system and labeling specifications. The self-developed “interactive geological semantic information labeling tool”solves the shortcomings of traditional manual labeling methods such as high error rates and large workload. Using Chinese mineral resources literature and reports as data sources, a large-scale geological semantic information annotation corpus is constructed, which effectively solves the problem of the lack of large-scale standard data. Related Articles | Metrics

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3D Digitization of Geological Outcrops and Specimens：Status and Prospects XU Qi, SHEN Hanxiao, DONG Shaochun, SHI Yukun, FAN Junxuan Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 403-418.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022092 Abstract （823）      PDF （3613KB）（407）       Knowledge map    Save In the era of big data, the high techniques such as knowledge graph, artificial intelligence and virtual simulation rapidly developed, and as a result the research methods of geosciences are evolving with the times. Compared to the traditional two-dimensional images and texts, three-dimensional digital models can provide more diverse data, and therefore hold enormous potential for both the scientific research and technology fields. The digitization of geological outcrops and specimens are two typical cases of 3D modeling technology in geoscience. This paper investigated the construction of digital outcrop and 3D specimen digitization, introduced the common digitization technologies, data sharing and development services, and the current representative digital geological outcrop and 3D specimen database. The investigation results were summarized and analyzed. Moreover, some problems that exist at present were summarized, and the future development was prospected in terms of data construction standard specification, construction content and function expansion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial Entity-Text Information Matching for Geological Surveys Based on Siamese Network with Attention Mechanism QIU Qinjun, MA Kai, XIE Zhong, TAO Liufeng, HUANG Bo Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 337-344.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023025 Abstract （809）      PDF （1534KB）（233）       Knowledge map    Save Association matching of geological objects with different sources and representation of their structures, attributes and semantic relationships by models is an important support for later tasks such as semantic query and clustering. In this paper, we propose a twin network geological survey spatial entities and text description information association matching model based on attention mechanism for the problems of semantic heterogeneity and expression differences between geological survey spatial entities and external text descriptions. First, the attribute information of geological survey spatial entities is converted into text paragraphs, and the text semantics of geological spatial entities is encoded with the basic granularity of sentence vectors; then the two types of text objects are mapped into a unified vector space and input to the twin network for feature learning, and finally the experimental evaluation of model performance is conducted on the constructed real dataset. The results demonstrate that the model can better represent the sentence semantic information of geological survey spatial entities, and its recognition F1 value is improved by 8.4 percentage points compared with the benchmark experiment, which is better than the selected comparison method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview and Reflections on the Development of Geological Information Sharing Platform NI Haijiang, ZHU Hehua, LI Cheng, XIAO Yulan, LIU Xiaobo Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 395-402.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022060 Abstract （799）      PDF （2500KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save In recent decades, the geotechnical survey industry has been developinged slowly. The Internet digital platform model was introduced, and sharing platform of engineering geological information was developed, which realized the effective use of geological survey results, promoted the development of the geotechnical engineering experience evaluation system, and enhanced the vitality and efficiency of the engineering geological survey industry. This paper systematically reviews the development of geological information sharing platform and related standards at home and abroad, and summarizes the significance of platform development and the current problems and challenges. The suggestions for the construction ofng the an all-element geological information platform are as follows: (1) Strengthen the exploration of the co-construction and sharing mechanism of all-element geological information; (2) The AGS format is widely used in European and American countries, and it should be introduced to develop data storage and transmission standards; (3) The engineering geological survey industry has long been conservative and closed in thinking, and urgently needs to be more liberatedliberal; (4) Taking in venture capital can effectively guarantee the capital investment for the continuous development of the platform. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of Nb-Ta Deposit Knowledge Graph and Its Application RAN Yizao, DONG Shaochun, WANG Rucheng, HU Huan, FANG Siyuan, CHANG Fengnian, KONG Jia Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 359-371.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021107 Abstract （778）      PDF （4845KB）（352）       Knowledge map    Save As an important resource for emerging industries, critical metals have gradually gain attention both domestically and overseas in recent years. However there are still some bottlenecks existing in the critical metal research due to its low abundance, difficulty to trace, identify and separate. As an important infrastructure of big data and artificial intelligence, knowledge graph provides new insights to tackle these issues. Most of the research achievements related to critical metal deposits are published in academic journals, which are written in natural language and is difficult to be understood and directly used by machines. In this paper, the ontology layer of Nb-Ta deposit knowledge graph was constructed and data extracted from literatures consists of the fact layer of the Nb-Ta deposit knowledge graph. Based on the Nb-Ta deposit knowledge graph, the features and relationships among the metallogenic periods, types of Nb-Ta deposits and the co-occurrence of niobium and tantalum related minerals were analyzed. It will help to further reveal the spatio-temporal distribution and evolution characteristics of China Nb-Ta deposits.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Subducting Plate Viscosity to Double-slab Subduction with Inward-dipping Directions: Numerical Modeling LI Zhongyuan, WU Benjun Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 735-742.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022010 Abstract （730）      PDF （2795KB）（133）       Knowledge map    Save Plate subduction is an important part of plate tectonic theory. Although there have been many numerical simulations of single-slab subduction, the mechanism of multi-plate interactions is still unclear and needs further study. In this paper, a two-dimensional geodynamic numerical model is established to study the dynamics of double-slab subduction with inward dipping and to explore the influence of subducting plate viscosity on the coupling interaction of multiple plates. The simulation results show that the difference in viscosity of the left and right subducting plates leads to the difference in the subduction velocity of the plates. The subducting plate with small viscosity sinks faster, enters the lower mantle first, folds periodically and stacks in the lower mantle. The subducting plate with high viscosity enters the lower mantle afterwards. It is obstructed by the mantle circulation with slab tip rollover and slips backward in the lower mantle. The difference in subduction speed and morphology between the left and right slabs also causes the overlying slab to move toward the side of the less viscous subducting plate, causing this side of the trench to retreat and the other side to advance. The results of this paper provide a dynamical explanation for the evolution of the complex tectonics in the Southeast Asian region. The India-Australia plate and the Pacific plate in the Southeast Asia region subducted in opposite directions, and the two plates interacted with each other to form a complex convergent subduction system, which caused the mantle upwelling and probably the origin of the Cenozoic magmatic rocks in the S outh China Sea region. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical Analogue Modeling Research on the Relationship Between Longmenshan Fault Zone and Longriba Fault Zone GE Jiacheng, JIA Dong, YIN Hongwei, YAN Bing, CHEN Zhuxin, FAN Xiaogen, YANG Shuang, CUI Jian, ZHONG Cheng Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 617-629.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021119 Abstract （634）      PDF （13611KB）（69）       Knowledge map    Save In the eastern part of Songpan-Ganzi block about 150 km northwest of Longmenshan fault zone in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, there is a NE-trending Longriba fault zone featured with dextral transpressive shearing. Due to its special geographical location, it has attracted widespread attention. In order to study the relationship between these two similar fault zones, three groups of physical analogue modeling are designed according to the actual geological conditions of the region and the similarity principles. The influence of the Bikou terrane and the bottom detachment is mainly considered, and the Particle Image Velocimetry is used to monitor the surface deformation. The experimental model shows that NE-trending Longmenshan fault zone and Longriba fault zone with thrust and right-lateral strike-slip component and Minshan uplift zone with north-south strike are developed under EW compression stress. According to the experimental results, we conclude that only with the existence of the Bikou terrane, faults develop along the boundary of the detachment, otherwise arc faults develop within the detachment layer. The Longmenshan fault zone is connected with the Longriba fault zone in the deep detachment to form a pop-up structure.The results of this study show the development process of fault zone under the influence of Bikou terrane, and provide a possible structural model for understanding the relationship between Longmenshan fault zone and Longriba fault zone. Related Articles | Metrics

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Meso-Cenozoic Uplift and Transformation of Tectonic Extension Mode in the Eastern Margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau JIN Wenzheng, BAI Wankui, YE Zhixu Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (6): 872-885.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022057 Abstract （603）      PDF （1532KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save In order to analyze changes in of tectonic deformation and extension mode during the process of eastward compression of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is selected as the study area, and apatite/zircon fission track studies were carried out. The results show that many differences between the Zoige Basin and the Longmenshan Block in the aspect of low-temperature geochronology and tectonic uplift: the cooling rates of several samples in the Zoige basin are relatively stable, ranging from 1.257 ℃ to 1.285 ℃ /Myr, while the cooling rates of several samples in the Longmenshan Block changes greatly, ranging from 1.243 ℃ to 2.875 ℃ /Myr; Zoige Basin has experienced two obvious tectonic thermal events since 100 Ma with the first in 100-80 Ma (cooling rate is 4.40±0.395 ℃ /Myr) and the second in 21-12 Ma (cooling rate is 2.89±0.597 ℃ /Myr). The eastern edge of Longmenshan Block has generally shown a gradual increase in the degree of tectonic uplift since 70 Ma, and the uplift has continued to increase since 8 Ma with the cooling rate of 5.75±0.238 ℃ /Myr; The tectonic deformation of Zoige Basin can be classified as forward expansion, while the Longmenshan Block has backward expansion (especially since 8 Ma). The process mentioned above is summarized a“s reflection and refraction of tectonic expansion”, the“ reflection tectonic stress”reached current location of Longriba fault in Pliocene (about 4.48 Ma), with the result of the Longriba fault zone with the features of both thrust and dextral strike slip. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Deformation Characteristics and Parameters of Clay Layers in South Subsidence Area of Beijing YOU Binhao, YE Shujun, TIAN Fang, LUO Yong Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 590-599.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021083 Abstract （389）      PDF （2292KB）（231）       Knowledge map    Save The land subsidence in Beijing is divided into north and south areas, and the southern area mainly includes Lixian-Yufa subsidence zone. The subsidence rate in this area has accelerated in recent years and reached 50-75 mm/a during 2017-2019, showing new subsidence characteristics. Based on the subsidence and water level observation data of 7-year time series from 2011 to 2017 at Yufa Subsidence Monitoring Station, the only subsidence observation station in the south subsidence area. The deformation characteristics of soil layers, especially clay layers, are systematically analyzed. Then the elastic and inelastic specific storage, vertical hydraulic conductivities and deformation lag time of the clay layers are estimated by the stress-strain diagram method and the type curve method. The results show that there are both elastic deformation and plastic deformation in each soil layer, and the plastic deformation is the main deformation with obvious deformation hysteresis. However, the deformation rate of each soil layer presents different characteristics. The results of the stress-strain diagram method show that the inelastic specific storage of the first and second clay layers is between 1.49×10 -5 and 2.10×10 -5, the elastic specific storage is between 3.93×10 -5 and 8.38×10 -5, the inelastic specific storage is 2-4 times of the elastic specific storage, the vertical hydraulic conductivity is between 6.20×10 -6~4.39×10 -5 m/d, and the soil deformation lag time is 2.1-12.8 years. The specific storage of the shallow layers in the study area estimated by the type curve method is about 4.8×10 -4, and that of the deep layer is between 1.08×10 -4 and 2.05×10 -4. The specific storage of shallow layer is 2-4 times of that of deep layer, and the vertical hydraulic conductivities are 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than that of the deep layers. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Petrogenesis of Baishuizhai Granitic Pluton and Its Significance to Uranium Mineralization in the Xiazhuang Area, Guangdong Province LI Kun, CHEN Weifeng, GAO Shuang, SHEN Weizhou, HUANG Guolong, LIU Wenquan, FU Shuncheng, LING Hongfei Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 497-513.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021117 Abstract （327）      PDF （2375KB）（431）       Knowledge map    Save The Baishuizhai pluton is one of the main ore-bearing wall rocks of the Zutongjian uranium deposit in the northwestern part of the Xiazhuang granite-related uranium ore filed, yet its petrogenetic mechanisms and its relationship with uranium mineralization are still unclear. Thus, in this study, we present zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages, whole-rocks and mineral geochemical data for the Baishuizhai granite. Field and petrographic investigations show that the Baishuizhai granitic pluton was emplaced into the Xiazhuang granitic batholith, mainly composed of fine-grained two-mica granite and muscovite granite, and the zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating reveals that both granites were formed during the Indochina period with ages of 229.4 Ma and 231.8 Ma, respectively. They show typical peraluminous S-type granitic geochemical characteristics that are high SiO 2 contents, total alkalis contents and ACNK values ( ≥ 1.1), low FeOt+MgO+TiO 2 contents and P 2O 5 contents, enriched in Rb, Th and U, depleted in Ba, Sr, P and Ti, and enriched in aluminum-rich minerals. Compared with the Xiazhuang granite, both types of granites in the Baishuizhai pluton show enriched in inherited zircon, higher SiO 2 contents and Rb/Sr ratios, but lower FeOt+MgO+TiO 2 contents, P 2O 5 contents, Zr/Hf ratios, and Fe 2+/(Fe 2++Mg) ratios of biotites, indicating that they were derived from low partial melting of reducing material-rich feldspathic meta-pelites, and are not formed by the differentiation evolution of the parent magma of the mafic meta-pelites-derived Xiazhuang granite. Furthermore, compared with the two-mica granite, the muscovite granite display significant tetrad REE patterns, lower REE, Zr/Hf ratios and Eu/Eu* values, indicating that an interaction of F-rich fluids with the magma occurred in the formation of the muscovite granite. Both types of granites in the Baishuizhai granitic pluton are enriched in uranium and can be important uranium-bearing granites in the region. Relative to the 2-mica granite in the Baishuizhai pluton, the muscovite granite is more enriched in uranium and more favorable to be uranium source rocks for hydrothermal uranium mineralization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation of Oedometer Test and Mechanism of Soft Soil Improved Using Microbial Composite Material LIU Qing, LIN Jun, XIE Jiamin, QIN Pengfei Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 487-496.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021114 Abstract （214）      PDF （2723KB）（344）       Knowledge map    Save Microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), as an eco-friendly technology, has been used to improve the mechanical properties of soil. However, it is difficult to apply the MICP to soft soil foundation treatment due to the poor engineering properties. The MICP-sand drain combined with vacuum drainage and MICP-biochar were introduced to the soft soil, and the amount of sand drain and biochar mixing ratio were studied using oedometer test. The microstructures were investigated to reveal the precipitation patterns of calcium carbonate by using SEM and XRD tests. The results showed that porosity ratio decreased with the increase of in number of sand drain and biochar mixing ratio. The coefficient of compressibility and modulus of compression could be improved when the contents of biochar were in a certain range (about 8%). The analysis of calcium carbonate content showed reveal that the amount of calcium carbonate decreased gradually with the increase of in depth, which presented presents non-uniformity of calcium carbonate distribution. Additionally, a large amount of calcium carbonate was observed in the two methods, which were deposited on the contact of soil particles. The crystal type of calcium carbonate was determined as vaterite. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reactive Transport Numerical Modeling for Deep Geological Sequestration of Brine Wastewater DU Zhuoran, DU Song, YANG Yun, SONG Jian, WU Jianfeng, WU Jichun Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 571-579.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021110 Abstract （161）      PDF （2212KB）（184）       Knowledge map    Save Brine wastewater deep well injection in China is still at the stage of access demonstration. The transport of liquid waste in deep reservoirs involves variable density drive, water-rock chemical reactions and variable-parameter synergistic physical-chemical interactions. How to quantitatively characterize these processes is one of the key scientific and technological challenges to be solved in deep well injection. Consequently, this paper selected a certain injection zone in Ordos Basin as prototype, used PFLOTRAN to construct a variable-density and variable-parameter reactive solute transport model to predict and evaluate the migration, transformation and evolution of reservoir minerals, as well as the change of reservoir properties after the brine wastewater injection to the deep geological body. As the simulation results showed, the injection of brine wastewater into the injection zone contributes to secondary minerals precipitation, such as anhydrite, calcite and fluorite; the geological storage capacity decreases by 1.51% approximately in the simulated 100 years; and the contamination area is around 2.57 km 2. This model provides a simulation tool to quantitatively characterize the migration and transformation process of brine wastewater components after the deep well injection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Grain-size Characteristics and Environmental Implication of Neogene Red Clays in the Chinese Loess Plateau LU Keke, CHEN Zhong, YANG Yanpeng, ZHANG Jialin, ZHAO Zhongqiang, XIA Dinghong, NI Chunzhong, SONG Yinxian, ZHANG Shitao Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 713-725.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022020 Abstract （154）      PDF （1237KB）（348）       Knowledge map    Save The aeolian origin of red clays in the Loess Plateau has been unanimously recognized. The earliest red clay was found in the late Oligocene and early Miocene, indicating that the arid environment had been formed in the inland northwest of China at the end of Paleogene. The grain size characteristics of red clay in the loess plateau show that the average grain size gradually decreases from the north to the south, indicatin g that the initial monsoon system has been established, and the winter wind played an important role in the transport of aeolian dust. The grain size distribution of red clay indiactes that it is composed of two components. The coarse grain (>20 μm) represents those transported by the near surface wind (winter wind), while the fine grain (<5 μm) represents those transported by the upper westerly wind. The grain size composition characteristics of red clays well record the development and change of atmospheric circulation. Since the end of Oligocene, the average grain size and sedimentation rate of red clays in the west of Liupanshan Mountain increased at 21.3-20.2 Ma, 16.0-13.3 Ma and 8.7-6.9 Ma, which may be related to global cooling and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift, and the 8.7- 6.9 Ma increase was mainly controlled by global cooling. In the red clay section to the east of Liupanshan, the grain size of variation characteristics shows that the grains deposited during 7.6 Ma to 6.2 Ma or to 5.4 Ma is coarse, indicating that the winter monsoon was strong. After that, the average particle size was fine up to 3.6 Ma, and the deposition rate was low, indicating that the winter monsoon was weak climate environment. From 3.6 Ma to 2.6 Ma, most profiles show an increase in mean grain size, an increase in sedimentation rates, and an increase in both winter and summer monsoon, which indicates to the transition to Quaternary glacial period. The development of the Arctic ice sheet and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may have contributed to these changes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances on the Analogue Modeling of the Emplacement of Granitic Magma LI Yingying, WANG Bo, CAO Tingting Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 543-558.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022055 Abstract （148）      PDF （7635KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save Regional tectonics not only facilitate the ascent and emplacement of the granitic intrusions but also control the final shapes of the intrusions. Analogue modeling is a critical method to study the magma emplacement. This paper reviewed the experimental set-up, materials and scaling used in previous analogue models related to magma emplacement, and summarized the influence of various parameters on the geometry of the intrusions in various tectonic settings. We suggested that: (1) the intrusion geometry is controlled by the characteristics of the country rocks in pre-kinematic static settings during tectonic quiescent stage. (2) In syn-kinematic settings during tectonic active stage, the intrusion geometry and deformation patterns of plutons are influenced by several parameters, including the thickness and rheological layering of the country rocks, velocity and total distance of displacement, velocity and total volume of magma injection, position of the injection inlet (magma channel), relative timing of tectonic activity and magma emplacement. Deformation can in turn control the shape of intrusions. (3) The parameters, such as displacement velocity and injection velocity in different settings, have similar impact on the intrusion geometry. In addition, some limitations of analogue modeling method are also discussed. The CT technique and numerical modeling methods are suggested to be profitable supplementation of analogue modeling for the study in magma emplacement.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Trace Element Characteristics and Geological Significance of Sphalerite in Xiwan Lead-Zinc Deposit, Luzong Basin, Anhui Province ZHANG Hongqiu, HAN Shanchu, ZHANG Yong, PAN Jiayong, ZHANG Yanqun, ZHAO Bibo, DING Yong, JIANG Yao, HU Shengping Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 693-704.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022028 Abstract （147）      PDF （2751KB）（164）       Knowledge map    Save The Luzong volcanic basin is an important part of the metallogenic belt in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In recent years, a large-scale Xiwan lead-zinc deposit has been discovered in the East Ma’anshan Formation on its northern margin. Previous studies have shown that sphalerite in this deposit is enriched in certain dispersed elements, but there are few in-depth studies on its content and distribution characteristics and comprehensive evaluation of dispersed elements is lacking. Therefore, in this paper, the LA-ICP-MS analytical method was used to study the characteristics of trace elements in sphalerite of No. Ⅳ and Ⅴ ore bodies in the Xiwan lead-zinc deposit and discuss its geological significance. The results show that (1) Sphalerite is rich in Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb elements, and depleted in In, Tl, Se, Te, Sn elements, among which dispersed Cd element has certain comprehensive utilization values; (2) The substitution mechanisms of trace elements in sphalerite mainly include single element and multi-element coupling. Among them, the substitution mechanism of single element mainly includes Fe 2+ instead of Zn 2+, Cd 2+ instead of Zn 2+, etc. The multi-element coupling substitution mechanism mainly includes (Cu ++Ge 3+) instead of 2Zn 2+, (2Cu ++Ge 4+) instead of 3Zn 2+, etc.; (3) The composition characteristics of Fe, Mn, Cd, In and other trace elements (dispersed elements) in sphalerite show that the metallogenic temperature of the Xiwan lead -zinc deposit is medium to low temperatures, which belong to the epithermal deposit.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Petrogenesis of Granite Porphyry in the Yangchuling Tungsten Ore District, Northern Jiangxi HUANG Yu, HUANG Xudong, LU Jianjun, ZHANG Rongqing, WU Jinwei, YAN Jichi Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (6): 795-808.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022049 Abstract （141）      PDF （2668KB）（151）       Knowledge map    Save Granodiorite, monzogranite porphyry, and granite porphyry are exposed in the Yangchuling tungsten ore district, northern Jiangxi. The granodiorite and monzogranite porphyry were formed in Late Jurassic and derived from the same source and the latter is more evolved than the former. Tungsten mineralization dominantly occurs as veinlet-disseminated within the monzogranite porphyry which is cut by the granite porphyry dykes. In this contribution, zircon U-Pb chronological, petrochemical, and Sr-Nd-Hf isotope geochemical studies are carried out on the Yangchuling granite porphyry, aiming to reveal the petrogenetic differences between the granite porphyry and the monzogranite porphyry and granodiorite in combination with other published data and provide new constraints for tungsten ore genesis. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating manifests that the granite porphyry was formed at 144.6±1.8 Ma which is consistent with those of the granodiorite and monzogranite porphyry. The granite porphyry is high-Si, K-enriched, and weakly peraluminous, shows distinctly Ba-, Nb-, Sr-, P-, and Ti-depleted trace element patterns and rightward-sloping REE patterns with negative Eu anomalies, indicating fractional crystallization of feldspar, biotite, apatite, and Ti-Fe oxide minerals, etc. The granite porphyry has whole-rock (87Sr/86Sr)i , εNd(t), εHf(t), and zircon εHf(t) values of 0.711329-0.711726, -5.3 to -4.9, -4.6 to -4.2, and mainly -6.0 to -3.0, respectively, suggesting that its source is dominated by ancient crustal materials. Compared with the granodiorite and monzogranite porphyry, the granite porphyry exhibits higher HFSE, ΣREE contents, AMF values, Sr/V ratios and lower Mg# values, Ti/Zr ratios, whole-rock εHf(t) values, implying that it was derived from a more felsic source and is the product of partial melting of ancient metasediments. Compared with the monzogranite porphyry, the granite porphyry displays higher SiO2 contents, (Na2O+K2O)/CaO, Na2O/CaO, Ba/Sr, Rb/Sr ratios and lower CaO, MgO, TiO2, P2O5 contents, δEu values, manifesting that it has experienced stronger magmatic fractionation. The barren granite porphyry is reflective of a W-poor source, while the source of the granodiorite and monzogranite porphyry is relatively W-rich. Both the W-rich source and magmatic fractionation facilitate the formation of t he Yangchuling tungsten deposit. Related Articles | Metrics

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Early Cretaceous Large-scale Reworking of the Juvenile Crust in North Qinling: Geochemical Composition and Genesis of the Huanghuaman Pluton QI Zeqiu, YU Yang, ZHAO Jingxin, GE Dongli, HE Jun, CHEN Fukun Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (6): 831-846.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022046 Abstract （130）      PDF （4319KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save The eastern Qinling orogen documents two magmatic episodes of granitoids in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Their geochemical characteristics, being a petrologic probe for the composition and structure of the deep crust, are distinctly different, pointing to the complex magma sources. In this study, we report zircon U-Pb isotopic ages and whole-rock major and trace element contents and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Huanghuaman pluton exposed in the eastern section of the North Qinling block. Zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the large-volume biotite monzogranite of the Huanghuaman pluton was emplaced during the 119 Ma to 117 Ma interval. The biotite monzogranites are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements, but depleted in high field-strength elements and heavy rare earth elements, with significantly negative Eu anomalies and belong to the weakly peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline series. They are characterized by high radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions and relatively depleted Nd isotopic composition with initial εNd values of -5.7 to -4.1. These geochemical characteristics are remarkably different from those of the Late Jurassic granitoids within the North Qinling block and L ate Mesozoic granitoids within the southern margin of the North China block. The relatively depleted Nd isotopic composition of the Huanghuaman pluton is similar to those of the coeval Laojunshan in the eastern section and the Early Cretaceous Taibai granite in the western section of the North Qinling block, s uggesting that this block underwent large-scale reworking of the juvenile crust during the Early Cretaceous. The juvenile crustal materials might be derived from the mafic rocks within the North Qinling block or the subducted Neoproterozoic crustal rocks of the Yangtze and/or South Qinling blocks. These Early Cretaceous granitoids have different Nd isotopic compositions from those of the Late Jurassic Mangling and Muhuguan plutons in the North Qinling block, reflecting the compositional diversity of the granitoids that were derived from the deeply underlying, co mplex crustal materials. Related Articles | Metrics

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Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications of the Indosinian Fengxian Pluton, Western Qinling Orogeny NI Chunyu, JIANG Yaohui Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 559-570.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021121 Abstract （124）      PDF （1868KB）（170）       Knowledge map    Save This paper reports systematically petrological and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic research for the Fengxian Pluton. We discussed the magmatic evolution, source characteristics, tectonic and geodynamic settings of these plutons. Our study shows that: 1. The Fengxian pluton is composed of granodiorite and quartz monzonite, invaded in the Middle Triassic (~237.5 Ma). The SiO 2 content of the rock is 61.7~66.7 wt %, belonging to the high potassium calc-alkaline series, with relatively high MgO content (1.49-2.43 wt%) and Mg# value (0.53-0.58), belonging to the high-K calc-alkaline series. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and lack marked negative Eu anomalies. They are also enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE. Their high Sr (474×10-6-629×10-6) low Y (6.85×10-6-7.60×10-6) and Yb (0.57×10-6- 0.72×10-6) value are similar to those of adakites. They show εNd(t) values of -4.2 to -5.8, initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios of 0.7072-0.7077 and ε Hf(t) values of -1.1 to -4.3. We believe that the Fengxian pluton is mainly derived from subducted sediments in the continental margin environment of the northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic slab. The origin of the Fengxian pluton suggests that the Animaqing-Mianlue oceanic crust had subducted under the West Qinling before 237.5 Ma, and the eastern segment of the West Qinling remains a continental arc till the Middle Triassic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sr-Nd-Pb Isotopic Composition of the Chinese National Standard Igneous Rock Powders Measured by the Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry WANG Zhiyi, CHENG Hong, ZHAO Jingxin, YE Risheng, LI Weiyong, HE Jianfeng, CHEN Fukun Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 679-692.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022017 Abstract （122）      PDF （1003KB）（190）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of three Chinese national igneous rock standard materials, GSR-1 granite, GSR-2 andesite, and GSR-3 basalt, were measured by means of the techniques of the isotopic dilution and the thermal ionization mass spectrometry, to investigate the homogeneity of their isotopic compositions and the suitability for the usage as rock standard materials. Three international rock standard materials, BCR-2 basalt, BHVO-2 basalt, and AGV-2 andesite, produced by the US Geological Survey, were simultaneously analyzed as reference materials to check the reliability of the analytical procedures. The analytical results show that three national standard materials of igneous rocks have homogeneous Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. Compared to the GSR-1 granite, the GSR-2 andesite and GSR-3 basalt yield homogeneous Pb isotopic compositions. Relatively large variation in Pb isotopic composition of the GSR-1 granite might be caused by the addition of radiogenic Pb isotopes from those minerals having high U and Th contents. On the basis of the analytical results reported in this study, it is suggested that the three national standard materials of igneous rock powders are suitable as the reference materials for the Sr and Nd isotopic measurements and, the GSR-2 andesite and GSR-3 basalt are also the ideal candidates as reference materials f or the Pb isotopic analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sensitivity Analysis of Rock Stress Wave Propagation and Attenuation Characteristics Based on MatDEM FAN Guansheng, HUANG Yehuan, LIU Chun, LE Tiancheng Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 479-486.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021102 Abstract （119）      PDF （6972KB）（286）       Knowledge map    Save The study of stress waves is a key issue in the dynamic action of rocks. Based on the discrete element method, this paper carries out numerical simulation tests on rock samples to explore the influence factors and laws of stress wave propagation and attenuation. The analysis focuses on the influence of the element radius, damping coefficient, incident wave frequency and amplitude on the stress wave propagation of the rock numerical sample, compares and analyzes the real test results. The research results show that the discrete element method can effectively simulate the dynamic process, and the variation law of the stress wave propagation in the numerical rock sample is consistent with previous studies. The increase in the radius of the rock sample unit will increase the unevenness of the rock sample and increase the scattering attenuation; the larger the damping coefficient, the greater the attenuation of the amplitude at the same distance; the frequency of the incident wave in the rock sample decreases, the wave propagation trend develops from logarithmic attenuation to linear attenuation; the greater the amplitude of the loading wave, the greater the attenuation of the stress wave due to scattering, and the attenuation rate at the same propagation distance remains constant.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Optical Fiber Temperature Measurements and Ground Temperature Changes in Pumping and Irrigation Wells of Carbonate Thermal Storage SHI Qipeng, TAN Xianfeng, MENG Jia, ZHENG Huiming, ZHANG Xi, LIU Xiao, SONG Shuailiang, DU Ying Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 756-765.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022013 Abstract （118）      PDF （1505KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save Carbonate thermal reservoirs have the characteristics of rich geothermal resources, good mining conditions and large water inflow of single wells, and represent one type of the main thermal reservoirs for the development and utilization of middle and deep geothermal resources. In the process of long-term geothermal exploitation and tail water reinjection, it is necessary to maintain the hydraulic connection between pumping and irrigation wells to avoid thermal breakthrough, The long-term monitoring of thermal reservoir temperature, analysis, and calculation of heat sources in pumping and irrigation wells are important topics for sustainable development and utilization of geothermal resources. This paper introduces the distributed optical fiber temperature measurement technology of pumping and irrigation wells, monitors the influence of pumping and reinjection of carbonate thermal storage on ground temperature, and analyzes the heat sources and quantity of heat storage temperature recovery using the monitoring data. The results show that (1) the heat storage temperature of the pumping well decreased significantly on the sixth day after heating with an average decrease of 1.6 ℃、 which was affected by the small spacing of pumping and irrigation wells and the dominant channel of carbonate heat reservoir, and the pumping and irrigation well produced a thermal breakthrough； the heat storage temperature of the reinjection well failed to recover to the initial temperature before the second heating season due to a large amount of low-temperature tail water reinjection for a long time, and the temperature of pumping well basically recovered. Analysis reveals that the main source of reservoir heat recovery is geothermal water convection and heat accumulation, followed by high-temperature reservoir and geothermal water conduction and heat accumulation. The results of this study show that under the condition of large-scale reinjection, the temperature of reinjection well decreases and the thermal breakthrough of pumping and irrigation well is an inevitable development trend. In order to promote the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal resources, it is very necessary to study the appropriate well spacing of pumping and irrigation wells to prevent thermal breakthrough in a short timescale. Related Articles | Metrics

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Petrogenesis and Geologic Implication of the Late Paleoproterozoic A-type Xiaohe Pluton along the Southern Margin of the North China Craton WANG Meixuan, WANG Zhiyi, ZHAO Jingxin, QI Zeqiu, HE Jun, CHEN Fukun Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (6): 809-830.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022053 Abstract （115）      PDF （3050KB）（175）       Knowledge map    Save Paleoproterozoic granitoids in the southern margin of the North China Craton are important carriers for studying the crustal evolution in Precambrian. In this study, we report zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock geochemical compositions of the Xiaohe pluton exposed along the southern margin of the North China Craton in order to discuss its petrogenesis and significance for Precambrian crustal evolution. The Xiaohe pluton is composed of biotite-bearing monzogranite, geochemically, which can be divided into two categories according to its rare earth element characteristics. Type I shows the right dip distribution mode of light rare earth elements enrichment and heavy rare earth elements depletion, which has the characteristics of medium differentiation. Type II has a distribution pattern of rare earth elements with low total rare earth elements, insignificant fractionation of light and heavy rare earth elements, and depletion of middle rare earth elements, which has the characteristics of high differentiation. The zircon U-Pb dating on these two types of granite yielded ~1.80 Ga ages for the emplacement time of the magmas, indicating both of them emplaced in single magmatic period. All the analyzed rocks are rich in silica and alkaline and weakly peraluminous, having high-K alkali-calcareous and calc-alkaline characteristics. They are enriched in Rb, Th, U, K, etc., but depleted in Ba, Sr, P, and Ti. Both types granites have similar Nd-Hf isotopic compositions and their magmas should originate from partial melting of the Late Archean basement rocks along the southern margin of the North China Craton. The magmatism of A-type granite probably represents the tectonicsthermal event closely related to extension, implying a post-collisional/post-orogenic extensional setting along the southern margin of the North China Craton at ca. 1.80 Ga.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Control of CBM Well Reservoir Geological Engineering Characteristics on Productivity LI Quanzhong, SHEN Jian, HU Haiyang, JI Xiaofeng Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 644-656.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021118 Abstract （115）      PDF （711KB）（344）       Knowledge map    Save In order to improve the single well gas production of CBM well，the influencing factors of CBM well gas production are studied from the geological static parameters and engineering dynamic parameters of CBM development. Based on a block of Shanxi Qinshui Basin 12 reservoir parameters and geological characteristics of typical CBM Wells and development data， starting from the geological control factors, engineering control, detailed analysis of seven aspects of 24 kinds of factors, including coal bed methane resource characteristics，coal reservoir seepage characteristics，structures，energy，drilling，fracturing，drainage，we study the degree to which these factors control the CBM gas production. The results show that the gas production of CBM Wells in the same block is different, which is affected by both geological factors and engineering factors; Also, coalbed methane resources and coalbed methane reservoir seepage, structures and energy characteristics clearly influence coalbed methane production, and when the permeability of coalbed methane reservoir is more than 0.7 mD，it is favorable for coalbed methane well to yield increased gas production. In addition, faults affect the gas content of coal reservoir and fluid migration in the process of drainage and production. In the development of CBM, faults should be avoided and a safe distance of 400 m should be maintained. Furthermore, the higher the casing pressure and gas release pressure of CBM well，the more conducive to expanding the desorption radius of coal reservoir, which results in high and stable production of a CBM well. The scale of fracturing operation in coal reservoir also has great influence on gas production, and the scale of fluid injection is more significant than that of sand injection in the study area. The pressure drop rate and gas production rising rate should be reasonably controlled in each stage of CBM well, and the pressure drop rate should be controlled within 10 kPa/d in the pressure control and production raising stage. These will allow to enlarge the pressure drop funnel radius of Coal Reservoir. The analysis of the geological and engineering factors of CBM Wells in the study area provides a theoretical basis for the geological selection and geological selection of CBM. It may also serve as technical guidance for the development of other CBM projects.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Origin and Genetic Mechanism of the Early Cretaceous Metabasite from the Ramba Area, Tethyan Himalaya YU Youzhi, LIU Zhichao Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 527-542.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022007 Abstract （114）      PDF （4128KB）（174）       Knowledge map    Save A large number of Early Cretaceous mafic rocks are widely exposed in the Tethyan Himalaya, southern Tibet, China. These rocks provide an important record of the tectonic-magmatic evolution of the north margin of the Indian continent before the Cenozoic Indian-Eurasian collision. Their genesis is critical for reconstructing the evolution history of the Indian passive margin. This paper presents systematical petrographic and geochemical data of the Early Cretaceous metabasites from the Ramba area, eastern Tethyan Himalaya. The Ramba metabasites include amphibolitie-amphibolitic gneisses, which occurred as dikes and lenses in the low-medium grade metasedimentary rocks of the Ramba dome. These Ramba metabasites display tholeiitic affinity and low contents of SiO 2 (44.78-47.42 wt%), relatively high contents of MgO (7.31-9.60 wt%) and FeOt (9.68-15.87 wt%) with variable TiO 2 contents (0.73-2.16 wt%) and medium to high Mg# values (46.4-63.9). The radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions of the Ramba metabasites (ε Nd(t) values range from 5.7 to 6.5) are comparable with that of the Indian Oceanic MORB. However, the REEs distribution patterns of the Ramba metabasites are similar to that of the E-MORB, indicating involvement of enriched components in their origin. It is worth noting that the Ramba metabasites do not show depletion in high-field-strength elements (HFSE), and their Nb/U ratios are similar to that of the mantle-derived rocks. Therefore, it can be inferred that the continental crust contamination is not significant in the formation of Ramba metabasites and their enrichment components should be mainly attributed to an enriched mantle source. Consequently, it is speculated that the Ramba metabasites were products of the interaction between magma derived from a depleted asthenospheric mantle and an enriched continental lithospheric mantle. They were generated during the early stage of the breakup of eastern Gondwana (~140 Ma) and were originated from the asthenosphere upwelling that was triggered by early activity of the Kerguelen mantle plume. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms of Ce(III) Oxidation and Fixation by Coexisting Iron and Manganese Oxides ZHAO Hanyue, ZHOU Yuefei, LI Xiaosong, XIE Qiaoqin, CHEN Tianhu Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (5): 705-712.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022031 Abstract （113）      PDF （887KB）（192）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, we conducted bulk and dynamic experiments to investigate the efficiency of Ce (III) oxidation and fixation by Mn-contained limonite and goethite. Based on experimental results, the mechanism of Ce oxidation and fixation by coexisting iron and manganese, and its geological significance, are discussed. Results of bulk experiments show that Mn-contained limonite has a high performance on the oxidation and fixation of Ce; Ce was totally removed after 48 hours under solution with Ce concentration of 6000 μg/L and limonite concentration of 1 g/L. For experiments with initial Ce concentrations of 300 to 4500 μg/L, Ce removal is positively correlated with Mn content for limonite experiments. As for goethite, it decreased Ce removal when comparing to the control experiments. Results of dynamic adsorption experiments show that for high-Mn limonite, the distribution of Ce is constrained not by Mn minerals, but by iron oxides. The results of this study indicates that: (1) the process of Ce oxidation and precipitation is adsorption of Ce (III) -oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV)-precipitation of Ce(IV) minerals-autocatalytic oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) by CeO 2, and (2) the contributions of coexisted Mn and Fe oxides to Ce oxidation and fixation are Mn oxides promoting the oxidation of Ce(III) and Fe oxides promoting the precipitation of CeO 2 through electrostatic attraction. This study is significant in explaining the geological phenomenon that although Mn oxides have higher Ce(III) oxidation ability than that of Fe oxides, under Fe- and Mn-oxides coexisting conditions, Ce tends to be fixed by Fe oxides. Related Articles | Metrics

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Precipitation-induced Pressure Wave Propagation in Unsaturated Zone and Its Effect on Rapid Groundwater Discharge DANG Lei, XIE Yueqing, WANG Chuan, CHANG Yang, ZENG Xiankui, WU Jichun Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 580-589.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006- 7493.2021104 Abstract （111）      PDF （1977KB）（117）       Knowledge map    Save A large number of studies, using water chemistry and stable isotopes to conduct hydrograph separation, indicate that majority of stream water during rainfall is derived from ‘old water’ that is stored in the catchment before the rainfall. This phenomenon is known as ‘old water paradox’. Pressure wave in unsaturated zone driven by precipitation is regarded as a potential underlying mechanism. In this study, we established four numerical soil column experiments with different soil types (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam and loam). We attempted to explore pressure wave propagation and the possibility of rapid groundwater discharge driven by the pressure wave with demonstrative experiments. Our results show that after the first intensive rainfall, pressure wave were generated in the four columns and were observed at the bottom after 1.86, 2.84, 5.24 and 7.46 days. In comparison, the relevant soil water arrived at the bottom after 6.12, 10.33, 18.05 and 30.00 days. The differences between celerities and velocities are 74.71, 51.05, 27.08 and 20.13 cm/d. Our study indicates that celerities and velocities are strongly affected by soil hydraulic conductivities and soil retention curves, and pressure waves in sand can be propagated more easily than those in other soil types. As the thickness of unsaturated zone is usually linearly proportional to the distance from river bank, pressure wave generated during precipitation can propagate into groundwater and drive rapid groundwater discharge. This process would be easier in more permeable soils. Overall, this study advances our understanding of catchment hydrology and helps discover underlying mechanisms in a theoretical manner.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Regional Comparative Study on Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Carbonate Rocks from the Upper Carboniferous in Tongling Ore District WANG Jiayu, XU Liang, XIE Qiaoqin, LIU Tong, ZHOU Yuefei, LI Zhensheng, XU Xiaochun, CHEN Tianhu Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 514-526.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022008 Abstract （105）      PDF （3286KB）（141）       Knowledge map    Save This paper presents a mineralogical and element geochemical study of carbonate rocks of the Upper Carboniferous Huanglong-Chuanshan Formation section from Tongling and Chaohu, Anhui Province. The results show that (1) the base of Huanglong Formation in Tongling is a set of dolostone containing framboidal pyrite; (2) the lower part of Huanglong Formation to the top of Chuanshan Formation are limestones; and (3) from bottom to top of section, mineral associations are dolomite+kaolinite +pyrite+quartz at the bottom of the Huanglong Formation → calcite+kaolinite+quartz (the middle and lower Huanglong Formation) → calcite+illite+quartz (the upper Huanglong Formation and the Chuanshan Formation), respectively. However the Huanglong-Chuanshan Formation in Chaohu are limestones composed of calcite with kaolinite and quartz, and the content of kaolinite tends to increase from the bottom of Huanglong Formation to the top of Chuanshan Formation. Also, carbonates of the Huanglong-Chuanshan Formation in Tongling (especially the dolomites at the bottom of the Huanglong Formation) show much higher V/Cr, Ni/Co, and V/Sc ratios, and Ce and Fe, Mn are uncorrelated while these parameters are positively correlated for Chaohu carbonates. Mineralogical and geochemical features suggest that carbonates at the bottom of the Huanglong Formation in Tongling were deposited in a relatively stable reducing environment, whereas carbonates in the middle and upper Huanglong Formation and Chuanshan Formation were deposited in a stable and weak oxidizing environment, and carbonates in Chaohu were formed in a more oxidizing and high-energy volatile environment. Combined with the previous studies, this study suggests that the existence of the ancient island in Tongling may be the main reason why the sedimentary environment of Tongling is different from that in Chaohu. Also, the sedimentary environment in Tongling area is favorable for the formation of colloform Pyrite. Related Articles | Metrics

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Degradation of Trichloroethylene in Activated Sodium Persulfate System HAO Tian, ZHANG Yun Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 600-607.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021076 Abstract （97）      PDF （1110KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save Trichloroethylene (TCE) was taken as a target pollutant to study its degradation characteristics in the environmentally friendly chelating agents, sodium citrate (TCD) and citric acid (CA), chelating ferrous ion (Fe 2+)-catalyzed sodium persulfate ( Na 2 S 2 O 8) system. The effects of the proportion of sodium persulfate, chelating agents, and pH value on the degradation of TCE were investigated, and the optimal proportion of all components and suitable pH value were obtained. Both TCD and CA had effectively chelated Fe 2+-catalyzed sodium persulfate, which degraded TCE in water, and the degradation of TCE abided by the first-order kinetic reaction model. The optimal proportion in mole was 20:10:10:1 for Na 2 S 2 O 8/TCD/Fe 2+/TCE and 20:5:10:1 for  Na 2 S 2 O 8/CA/Fe 2+/TCE, respectively, at which both the degradation rate and the first-order reactive rate constant reached their maximum values. The maximal degradation rate was 96.7% and 97.6% and the maximal reactive rate constant was 2.48×10 -2 and 2.68×10 -2 min-1 for the two reactive systems, respectively. Additionally, the usage of CA for the optimal proportion was only half of TCD. For small proportion, both degradation rate of TCE and the first-order reaction rate constant increased with the increasing amount of TCE, CA, or Na 2 S 2 O 8. However, excessive chelating agents could form an over-stabilized chelate with Fe 2+, which reduced the catalytic effect of Fe 2+ and the oxidative capacity of Na 2 S 2 O 8. Excessive amount of Na2S2O8 could generate much more sulfate radicals, and these sulfate radicals could consume internally, refraining the degradation reaction of TCE. In the system of Na 2 S 2 O 8/ Fe 2+/TCE being 20:10:1, the catalytic effect would dwindle if the proportion in mole was greater than 10 for TCD and 5 for CA. In the system of TCD/Fe 2+/TCE being10:10:1or CA/Fe 2+/TCE being 5:10:1, the reaction would be refrained if the proportion in mole was greater than 20 for Na 2 S 2 O 8. A suitable range of pH value was necessary for the degradation of TCE in activated sodium persulfate system. Alkaline condition refrained the degradation reaction of TCE, while acid to neutral condition was helpful for the reaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Early Cretaceous Dioritic Enclave of Guposhan Granite in Guangxi and Its Geological Significances LIU Fenglei, ZHOU Yun, SHI Shuiping, FENG Zuohai, CAI Yongfeng, FU Wei, ZHAO Kai Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (3): 455-470.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021077 Abstract （95）      PDF （3195KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Save In order to figure out the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the northeastern Guangxi, this paper presented detailed petrological, chronological and geochemical data on the Guposhan composite rock mass and its dioritic enclaves. The chronological results show that the formation age of the dioritic enclaves is 142±1 Ma, for the first time to identify Early Cretaceous dioritic enclaves in this area. Elemental geochemical analysis results show that the contents of SiO 2, MgO and Fe 2O 3 T of the dioritic enclaves are 55.66%-56.72%, 2.26%-2.30% and 10.43%-10.77%, respectively; the contents of SiO 2, MgO and Fe 2O 3 T of the host granite sample are 68.33%-68.67%, 0.60%-0.64% and 3.73%-3.89%, respectively. The granites are characterized by high 10000*Ga/Al ratios and Zr+Nb+Ce+Y contents, similar with those of A-type granite. Both the host rock and the dioritic enclave are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and high field strength elements. The above data indicate that the dioritic enclaves are produced by magmatic mixing, and their formation is related to extension and thinning of the lithosphere in the Late Mesozoic. Together with regional geological data, it is suggested that the Mesozoic extension of the lithosphere in South China was episodic, which led to the development of multi-stage magmatism in South China. Related Articles | Metrics