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Characteristics of Particle Structure Evolution of Nanjing Silty Fine Sand during the Triaxial Compression LI Haiyang, ZHANG Wei, XU Wenhan, HU Fuchen, CHENG Helan, ZHU Honghu Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 385-.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024059 Abstract （1455）      PDF（pc） （3317KB）（422）       Knowledge map    Save The evolution of particle structure influences the physical and mechanical properties of Nanjing silty fine sand. In this study, consolidation undrained shear tests were conducted on Nanjing silty fine sand specimens using a self-developed miniature triaxial apparatus, with simultaneous synchrotron micro-CT scanning. Methods such as characteristic ellipsoid fitting, ball-stick model, and characteristic particle extraction were employed to quantitatively characterize and analyze the evolution of particle shape, contact relationships, and movement characteristics. The correlation between particle structure and pore structure evolution was also discussed. The results revealed that the specimens initially softened and then hardened during the test, exhibiting barrelshaped localized failure with bulging in the middle; the consolidation undrained shear process had a certain rounding effect on Nanjing silty fine sand; the contact area between particles and the pore coordination number were found to be more sensitive to failure occurrence than the particle coordination number, which was generally lower than the pore coordination number throughout the process; the rotation of particles affects the development of the pore network in the specimen; horizontally, there was a central position in the specimen where the horizontal displacement of particles was minimal, and vertically, a conical interface existed in the failure zone, with significant differences in vertical displacement of particles on either side, which serves as the internal cause of the localized failure. The research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the micro-mechanisms underlying the evolution of the macroscopic engineering properties of saturated Nanjing silty sand and can provide support for the study of the resilience of river floodplain geological environments and urban safety. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Morphological Characteristics and Genesis Analysis of Honeycombs on Heipaijiao Rocky Beach in Huidong County of Guangdong Province HU Liangwei, DENG Fei, LUO Xiyi, PAN Shimei Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 451-459.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024062 Abstract （1383）      PDF（pc） （14089KB）（67）       Knowledge map    Save Honeycombs with unique shapes are widely distributed on rock outcrops and stone buildings in different regions. The study of honeycombs is of great significance to the deep understanding of rock weathering mechanism, which has been a hot issue in Geomorphology Research for many years. Honeycombs have wide spatial development, different morphologies and bedrock properties, leading to previous studies proposing different genetic explanations, which are controversial. Previous studies mostly focused on sandstone and conglomerate area, but there are few reports on the study of honeycombs on metamorphic rocks strongly affected by tectonic activity. A large number of elliptical honeycombs with diameters of several centimeters are developed on the fractured rhyolite of Heipaijiao Rocky Beach, Huidong County, Guangdong Province. In this paper, three-dimensional scanner is used to scan the morphological characteristics of 782 caves in typical areas, to establish three-dimensional models, restore their morphology with high precision, quantify the morphology and distribution of caves, and discuss their control factors and formation processes. The results show that the diameter of honeycombs hole is mostly below 10-15 cm; The depth is mostly below 3 cm. The oblateness of the portal is relatively large (mainly between 0.15 and 0.6), and its shape is mainly elliptical and extremely elliptical, controlled by the development of joint fissures and foliation. The dominant factor in the early development of honeycombs is salt weathering. Under the microscope, the rudiments of holes in the rock can be seen. When the expansion of the cave causes the surface minerals or rock fragments to fall off and form pits, the cave is gradually eroded and eroded by seawater, and salt weathering and sea erosion ntly promote the development of the cave. In the later stage, the thin wall between caves was broken, and the caves gradually penetrated each other. After a certain scale is formed, the interior will be used as a new plane for the next development cycle.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Subsalt Multi-detachment Deformation in the Eastern Segment of the Kelasu Structural Belt of the Kuqa Depression: Insights from Numerical Simulations WU Chao, XU Wenqiao, MO Tao, WANG Wei, DONG Ruixia, HE Wanhui, HU Chunlei, GAO Zihan, GU Chenglong, YIN Hongwei Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 405-417.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024065 Abstract （1275）      PDF（pc） （5988KB）（390）       Knowledge map    Save The Kuqa fold-thrust belt is a typical complex salt-bearing fold-thrust system with multiple detachment layers. Based on the analysis of high-quality continuous 3D seismic data, it has been discovered that there are multiple detachment layers beneath the salt in the eastern segment of the Kelasu structural belt. Both the Jurassic coal-bearing strata and the Triassic detachment layers serve as the primary subsalt detachment layers. Using the discrete element numerical simulation method, two sets of numerical simulation experiments were designed to investigate the impacts of the distribution of subsalt detachment layers on the structural geometry and evolution of the salt-bearing fold-thrust belt. This helped to analyze the structural deformation characteristics and mechanisms of the eastern segment of the Kelasu structural belt and implications for oil and gas exploration. The simulation results indicate that the presence of multiple subsalt detachment layers promotes the formation of multiple rampflat- ramp fold structures, with complex subsalt deformation. The presence of coal detachment layer leads to a weakly decoupled deformation at the deformation front, characterized by small fault spacings and displacements, with faults not directly penetrating through the sub-salt layers. In the single subsalt detachment model, the subsalt structural deformation is relatively consistent, with faults directly connecting upwards to the salt layer. In this model, the fault spacing is larger, fault displacement is greater, and there are fewer fault-separated blocks. By comparing the simulation results with the structural characteristics of the eastern segment of the Kelasu structural belt in the Kuqa depression, it was found that the deformation in the eastern segment of the Kelasu structural belt is complex due to the influence of multiple subsalt detachment layers. The coal bed primarily serves as a detachment layer, with stronger deformation above the coal layer than below. Deep faults do not propagate through the sub-salt layer. The presence of multiple subsalt detachment layers may result in the formation of two independent reservoir systems in the Triassic and Jurassic strata. Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the Jurassic and Triassic strata occur separately, and there may be multiple small traps. The Triassic source rocks generate abundant hydrocarbons, and the faults below the coal layer have small displacements and consist of relatively simple structures, indicating considerable potential for hydrocarbon exploration.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Reconstruction of Global Sea Surface Temperatures during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum Using Paleoclimate Data Assimilation ZHANG Haoxun, LI Mingsong Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 275-285.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024041 Abstract （1247）      PDF（pc） （2043KB）（1407）       Knowledge map    Save The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO, 53.26-49.14 Ma) represents the warmest period of the past 66 million years, with global temperatures reaching their highest levels on a million-year scale. This period serves as a geological reference for future Earth temperatures under the most extreme Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP8.5) scenario in the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Previous studies have reconstructed the global sea surface temperature (SST) state of the EECO using Earth system models and paleoclimate proxies. However, Earth system models often lack constraints on boundary conditions, making it difficult to accurately reconstruct the global SST state of the EECO. Additionally, there are discrepancies between different proxy reconstruction results. This study utilizes an emerging paleoclimate data assimilation approach, conducting simulations with the Earth system model of intermediate complexity, cGENIE. Our 100-member ensemble considers three most important uncertainties: atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, alkalinity, and rain ratio. We assimilate three types of paleotemperature proxies (TEX86, Mg/Ca and δ18O of planktonic foraminifera) from 35 ocean drilling sites to reconstruct high-precision, globally coupled SSTs during the EECO. The data assimilation yielded a global SST of 30.7 ℃ (95% confidence interval: 28.8-33.0 ℃ ), characterized by significantly improved accuracy compared to prior estimates from Earth system model simulations. Sensitivity experiments confirmed that different types of proxies have a significant impact on the data assimilation reconstruction results: SSTs reconstructed without TEX86 proxy data were lower than those assimilating all proxies, while those without δ18O data were higher. This study provides a high-precision reconstruction of globally coupled SSTs during the EECO hothouse period, offering an accurate geological reference for future climate change. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review on Developments and Applications of Decision Support System in Water Resources Management NAN Tongchao, XIE Xiaoting, YE Yu, XU Teng, SHEN Chengji, WU Jichun, LU Chunhui Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 263-274.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024042 Abstract （1226）      PDF（pc） （915KB）（1224）       Knowledge map    Save Water resources management decision support system is the application and development of decision support system in the field of water resources. It is a human-computer interaction system developed for the decision-making characteristics of water resources problems. It uses computer and corresponding software (including artificial intelligence, expert system and other technologies) to complete the functions of data extraction, logical reasoning, information processing and management decisionmaking. It can not only help decision-makers to understand the current situation of water resources in time, but also provide more comprehensive, scientific and reasonable integrated management programs for decision-makers to improve the efficiency and reliability of decision-making. This review elucidates and analyzes the current application trends and innovative advancements of Decision Support Systems (DSS) in water resources management (especially in groundwater management) domestically and internationally. At the same time, the paper summarizes prevalent issues existing in the development and application of decision support system. It is pointed out that the lack of basic data and unified standards, the lack of reliability of data-driven decisionmaking, the single function of decision support system, the lack of integrity of decision-making participation, the poor reusability and scalability of the system, and the lack of intelligence are the bottlenecks that need to be broken through in the application and development of decision support system in the field of groundwater resources management. Furthermore, the paper conducts an analysis and projection of its future trajectory in close consideration of the challenges currently confronting water resources management. It is underscored that standardization, integration, modularization, and intelligentization represent the prospective directions for the development of water resource decision support systems. These directions are envisioned to furnish some theoretical support for the establishment of comprehensive regional water resource decision support systems in the future.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Genesis of the Host Rock Andesite from Jama Deposit, Timok Ore Cluster Area, Serbia: Constraints from U-Pb age, Trace Elements and Hf Isotopes of the Andesite Zircons LIN Musen, XU Kai, WANG Liyuan, LIU Wenyuan Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 439-450.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024064 Abstract （1171）      PDF（pc） （4391KB）（654）       Knowledge map    Save The Bor region of Serbia has a long history of mining and abundant mineral resources. The Jama copper deposit is located in the Bor region and belongs to the Timok mining area. To investigate the genesis and mineralization significance of the host andesite in the Jama deposit, we analyzed its zircon U-Pb ages, trace elements, and Hf isotopes. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age is approximately 86 Ma in the Late Cretaceous. Calculated Ti-in-zircon temperatures range from 663 ℃ to 806 ℃ (average 724 ℃ ), and zircon oxygen fugacity shows that the log fO2=-14.86--7.60 (average-11.07), ΔFMQ=+2.11-+7.62 (average +5.04), suggesting magmas with relatively high oxygen fugacity and low crystallization temperatures. The andesite is characterized by high εHf(t) value (+12.6-+16.5), and young second-stage model ages (TDM2=88-344 Ma). Based on the trace element characteristics of zircon, the andesite was formed in an active continental margin arc environment and magma genesis was linked to partial melting of the depleted mantle wedges metasomatized by the subducted plate fluids. Synthesizing our findings with prior research on regional tectonic-magmatic evolution, we propose that the Jama andesite was formed in an active continental margin arc during the northward subduction of the Vardar oceanic plate. The late Cretaceous rollback of the subducted plate likely triggered back-arc extension, facilitating the ascent of oxygen-rich mantle-derived magma and subsequent diagenesis and mineralization. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Effect of Reactive Magnesium Oxide on the Resistance of Lead-contaminated Xiashu Soil to Rainfall Erosion XU Yue, SHEN Zhengtao Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 397-404.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024060 Abstract （1066）      PDF（pc） （1236KB）（359）       Knowledge map    Save As a new type of soil remediation agent, reactive magnesium oxide has a broad application prospect in the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils due to its efficient heavy metal immobilization capacity, superior durability buffering capacity and other characteristics. Previous studies have focused on the chemical reaction mechanism between reactive MgO and heavy metals, neglecting its effect on the hydromechanical properties of soil. In this paper, the effect of reactive magnesium oxide on the resistance of Xiashu soil to rainwater erosion was investigated by indoor simulated rainfall test. The soil was artificially contaminated by lead at the concentration of 5000 mg/kg. It was found that 5% reactive MgO treatment led to a 24.2% increase in the runoff volume of the specimen, while the lead concentration in the runoff decreased by 69.8%. The lead concentration in the infiltration of the specimens did not show much difference at the beginning of the test, but as the test progressed, the lead concentration in the infiltration collected from the soil specimens increased, while the lead concentration in the infiltration of the specimens with the addition of magnesium oxide did not change significantly. Reactive magnesium oxide significantly reduced the mass of erosion in the samples (by 82.7%). The proportion of clay (17%) and sand (6%) in the sediment carried by the runoff decreased with MgO treatment, and the sediment size composition changed considerably compared to that of the soil samples (9% clay and 12% sand). The total amount of lead carried in the sediments of the specimens containing MgO decreased by 21% compared to the plain soil specimens. The results of the present study indicate that reactive MgO can significantly enhance the erosion resistance of Xiashu soil with lead contamination, and also immobilize heavy metals, which has a good potential for application in the remediation of lead-contaminated soil. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of Multi-phase Differential Rifting and Response of Boundary Faults: Insights from 3D Seismic Interpretation in the Western Sub-sag of the Bozhong Sag YANG Haizhang, WU Bin, WANG Yuheng, QI Yili, YU Fusheng Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 418-431.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024061 Abstract （1033）      PDF（pc） （9670KB）（539）       Knowledge map    Save The boundary fault systems of rift basins are crucial in controlling the basin’s topography, reservoir distribution, and fluid migration. Nevertheless, their formation and evolution processes are often influenced by multiple factors such as pre-existing structures, sediment competency, and the stages and directions of rifting. This leads to fault systems with diverse orientations and complex combinations, making structural analysis and hydrocarbon exploration in the basin challenging. Through 3D seismic interpretation and data analysis, this study elucidates the geometric differences in different zones of the Shinan Fault along the northern boundary of the western sub-sag of the Bozhong Sag, reconstructs the fault activity, and identifies favorable exploration areas. The analysis reveals that: (1) the fault system exhibits both inherited and new features with an increasing number of faults from early to late stages and a decrease in the size of individual faults. The pre-existing NW-oriented structures and the new EWoriented structures form a broom-like structure, while the divergent new structures form a net-like, interwoven combination; (2) The fault system exhibits vertical stratification and lateral segmentation. The deep layers are controlled by simple listric faults forming isolated half-grabens, whereas the shallow layers develop numerous adjustment faults that converge into complex Y-shaped structures. From west to east, the structure transitions from a single fault to an overstepping listric fan combination, ultimately evolving into a domino-style half-graben structure; (3) The intricate geometry of the fault system results from the composite responses to multi-phases and multi-directions of rifting events and pre-existing structures. The displacement curves of fault segments with different orientations during the same period confirm their growth linkage processes. These structures represent an overlap of NE-oriented structures from the Shahejie stage and EW-oriented structures from the Dongying stage. The segmentation points of strike are often hard linkage points of the existing faults, where large-scale deltaic sedimentary systems commonly develop.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Numerical Simulation of Tectonic Stress Field in Zaozigou Gold Mining Area, Gansu Province, China YANG Jian, ZHANG weixiong, CHEN Aibing, ZHAI Xianghua, ZHANG yuan, JIANG Xin, HU Yang, LI Yongheng Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 346-362.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024045 Abstract （1031）      PDF（pc） （16480KB）（224）       Knowledge map    Save The Zaozigou gold deposit in Gansu Province is situated within the Xiahe-Hezuo area of the West Qinling Mountains. It represents a significant polymetallic gold deposit within the West Qinling metallogenic belt, exhibiting a high degree of mineralization that is closely associated with the regional tectonic activity. By examining the tectonic and geological characteristics of the mining area, with a particular focus on faults, joints, and scuff marks, the evolutionary sequence of the orecontrolling structures and the principal stress directions of the Zaozigou gold deposit have been determined. It is hypothesized that the tectonic evolution of the gold deposits in Zaozigou underwent three phases and six stages. In order to comprehend the distribution pattern and extent of the tectonic stress field within the mining region, a structural stress field analysis and a series of rock mechanics experiments were conducted, with the objectives of determining the mechanical parameters of the rocks and establishing a geologically logical mechanical model. A two-dimensional structural stress field numerical simulation of the Zaozigou gold mining area was conducted using the Finite Element Method (FEM), with the objective of predicting favorable sites for mineralization. The results demonstrate that the distribution of the tectonic stress field in the mining area is governed by the rupture. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum stress values in each period are predominantly concentrated at the periphery of the rupture. The intensity of stress is the primary factor in governing tectonic activity, with high stress areas exhibiting heightened structural activity and rock fragmentation, thereby creating pathways and sites conducive to mineralization. It is hypothesized that the two ends of the near-north-south faults and the intersection of the north-east and north-west faults represent optimal locations for mineralization. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Numerical Simulation of the Stability of Submarine Slopes with the Decomposition of Marine Gas Hydrates WANG Yixuan, HE Yufa, LI Qingping Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 335-345.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024039 Abstract （1019）      PDF（pc） （9890KB）（691）       Knowledge map    Save The decomposition of marine gas hydrates is one of the important causes for the instability of submarine slopes. In order to exploit natural gas hydrate safely and efficiently, it is necessary to evaluate the stability of seabed slopes containing hydrate reservoirs scientifically. Based on the finite element strength reduction method, the stability of a submarine slope in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea is investigated, with a focus on the impact of marine gas hydrate decomposition on shear strength. The results are as follows. As the degree of decomposition of marine gas hydrate increases, the stability of the slope shows a decreasing trend. When the degree of decomposition is between 40% and 80%, the stability of the slope is sensitive to changes in the degree of hydrate decomposition. As the degree of decomposition increases, the safety factor decreases rapidly and the sliding depth of the anti-shear failure increases significantly, exceeding the position of the hydrate reservoir. A method for analyzing the stability of slopes in hydrate-bearing reservoirs has been established with finite element numerical simulation, and lays a theoretical foundation for geological risk assessment and management in the extraction of marine gas hydrate resources.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Enrichment Patterns and Prediction of Sweet Spots in the Qingshankou Formation, Sanzhao Sag, the Songliao Basin CHEN Ruiqian, BAI Xin, LI Qi, WU Xia, ZHOU Haiyan, HUANG Chengzheng Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 486-497.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024053 Abstract （1017）      PDF（pc） （10516KB）（586）       Knowledge map    Save The Qingshankou Formation in the Sanzhao sag, the Songliao Basin, holds substantial shale oil resources, but its accumulation patterns and sweet spot prediction have not been fully understood. Taking the ZY1 Well as an example, this study is focused on the source rock and reservoir characteristics of the shale. We determine the shale oil enrichment patterns and sweet spots distribution by microscopic examination, organic carbon and rock-eval analysis, and rock mineral composition analysis. The results indicate that there are three modes of shale oil accumulation in the study area: shaley, laminar, and interbedded types. In addition, the shaley type shows the greatest shale oil enrichment with good storage capacity, well-developed fissures, grain pores, and organic matter-filled pores. Laminar type has relatively good hydrocarbon generating potential and permeability, while the interbedded shale oil has low oil content due to the low hydrocarbon generating potential and poor storage capacity. Based on the classification of lithofacies and other geological parameters such as oil-bearing potential and reservoir properties of the ZY1 Well, four intervals of sweet spots are predicted. Shaley sweet spots mainly occur in the member 1 of the Qingshankou Formation, while laminated-and interbedded-type sweet spots are primarily found in the members 2 and 3.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Grain-size Characteristics and the Implications for Sedimentary Facies of the Cenozoic Sediments in the Dahonggou Section of the Qaidam Basin PAN Shaomin, AN Kaixuan, HU Yihao, ZHANG Wenjing, LIN Xiubin Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 324-334.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024035 Abstract （960）      PDF（pc） （4232KB）（484）       Knowledge map    Save The Qaidam Basin is the largest basin on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, where the Cenozoic sediments attain thicknesses up to over 10 km. These sediments record the growth process of the plateau and the paleoclimatic changes, and thus attract wide attention. Previous studies focused on describing these strata and qualitatively determining their sedimentary facies, with few quantitative studies. In this study, to quantitatively determine the sedimentary facies, grain-size analysis has been conducted on typical sandstone samples from the Cenozoic Xiaganchaigou to Shizigou formations in the Dahonggou section of the Qaidam Basin. Various methods, such as Sahu discriminant, grain size frequency distribution, end-member component analysis, and cumulative frequency distribution, have been employed to reveal the transport medium, transport mode, and sedimentary environment of the Cenozoic sediments in this section. The results show that the sediments of the Xiaganchaigou to Shangyoushashan formations were deposited mainly in an off-shore, shallow lake setting, with the hydrodynamic conditions successively weakening from the Xiaganchaigou, Shangyoushashan, Shangganchaigou, to Xiayoushashan formations. In these formations, the transported sediments include the suspended lake background component, the suspended turbidity current component, the jumping fine sand component, and rolling coarse sand component, with the last three coming from subaqueous distributary channels. In contrast, the sediments of the Shizigou Formation were mainly deposited in an on-shore, fluvial setting, containing transported sediments of suspended river background, and alluvial suspended turbidity current, jumping fine sand and rolling coarse sand components. These results provide quantitative constraints for determining the sedimentary facies of the Cenozoic sediments of the Dahonggou section of the Qaidam Basin. In a broader perspective, this study provides an analytical procedure for quantitatively determining the sedimentary facies using the grain-size results.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Petrography and Mineralogy of Lunar Magnesian Anorthositic Meteorite Northwest Africa 8599 ZHANG Zhenguang, ZHANG Lang, DU Tianran, ZHAO Kai, ZHANG Aicheng Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 286-300.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024047 Abstract （945）      PDF（pc） （3895KB）（884）       Knowledge map    Save Northwest Africa (NWA) 8599 is a lunar breccia meteorite found in Northwest Africa. We performed detailed petrographic and mineralogical study on this lunar meteorite. Our observations reveal that NWA 8599 is an olivine-rich magnesian anorthositic noritic breccia, with abundant mineral fragments and minor fine-grained magnesian anorthosite clasts. Our NWA 8599 sample contains a coarse-grained highly magnesian olivine fragment (Fo=84-87), which is closely associated with highly magnesian pyroxene (Mg#=85-89) and geikielite (Mg#=52-54). The geikielite grains in NWA 8599 are reported for the first time among lunar meteorites and mission-returned lunar samples. The CaO contents in the highly magnesian olivine and thermobarometric calculations of pyroxenes indicate that the highly magnesian mineral assemblage is likely derived from a highly magnesian rock from deep crust of the Moon. Our results show large variations in modal abundance and grain size for the magnesian anorthosites in NWA 8599, indicating diversity of the magnesian anorthositic lithologies in the Moon. We suggest that the magnesian anorthosites may be produced by variable degrees of assimilation of primordial ferroan anorthositic crust by mantlederived magnesian melt during lunar mantle overturn. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Biogenetic Origins, Sedimentary Environment, and Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Source Rocks from the Fourth Member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Chezhen Sag  HAN Huami, CHEN Zhonghong, CHAI Zhi, SONG Ze Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 498-513.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024052 Abstract （939）      PDF（pc） （2686KB）（384）       Knowledge map    Save A large amount of crude oil from the fourth Member of Shahejie Formation (Es4) has been discovered around the Chezhen Sag, making it an important hydrocarbon-generating layer. Understanding whether the source rocks in the Chezhen Sag also have high hydrocarbon-generating potential is of significant importance for guiding further exploration and development. The systematic study involves selected drill cores from various sub-sags and using technical methods such as Rock-Eval pyrolysis, kerogen microscopic examination, thermal simulation experiments, basin modeling and so on. The analysis reveals the clear difference in the biogenetic origins, sedimentary environment and hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks from the Es4 in the eastern and western parts of Chezhen Sag. In the western sub-sags (Chexi and Tao’erhe), the parental sources are mainly derived from mixed organic matters and formed in a freshwater-reducing depositional environment. In contrast, in the eastern sub-sags (Dawangbei and Guojizi), the biological sources mainly came from low aquatic organisms, indicating a saline-reducing environment, with Dawangbei Sag showing higher salinity. The source rocks of the Es4 generally range from poor to good, and mainly constitute Type II kerogen with a low-maturity to mature level with regard to hydrocarbon-generating. Thermal simulation experiments show maximum oil and gas generation of 256.4 mg/g. TOC and 671.15 mg/g. TOC. The source rocks of the Es4 in the Chezhen Sag exhibit characteristics of two hydrocarbon generation stages: early and late stages, with thresholds and peaks at approximately 2800 m and 4400 m, respectively. The source rocks of Es4 in the Chezhen Sag are buried at relatively shallow depth, with late hydrocarbon generation, reaching maturity and beginning large-scale oil production in the early Quaternary, and are currently in a major phase of hydrocarbon generation. In summary, the source rocks of the Es4 in the Chezhen Sag show significant heterogeneity, with eastern sags generally having higher quality source rocks than the western sags. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Chemical Analyses of Planetary Materials Using Atomic Probe Tomography YANG Zizhou, HUI Hejiu, SHA Gang Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 301-311.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024034 Abstract （902）      PDF（pc） （3435KB）（474）       Knowledge map    Save Atom probe tomography (APT) can quantitatively analyze three-dimensional elemental and isotopic distributions of different elements in a solid sample at sub-nanometer resolution. It has been increasingly used in geochemical analysis. In this work, using two planetary minerals and one silicate glass standard as examples, we study the practicability and accuracy of the APT method in the quantification of chemical composition. Comparison of the results obtained using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and APT show that the APT results are close to those from EPMA with the difference of major metal element contents is less than 1 at%, while the difference of silicate glass is much larger. In addition, the difference of oxygen content in all samples is about 1-3 at% due to the limitations of the APT method. However, this oxygen difference can be corrected by normalization using metal elements. Our analyses suggest that APT can be an effective method to quantify major elements in materials. The threedimensional distributions of elements given by APT can be used to the element migration process at nanoscale, which is a new and important technique for geochemical analysis.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics and Identification Methods of High-energy Channel Sandstone in Underwater Distributary Channel: A Case Study of the Fourth Member of Xujiahe Formation in Northeastern Sichuan Basin LIU Chen, DONG Qingyuan, PEI Sijia, HAN Xuanying Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 473-485.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024080 Abstract （875）      PDF（pc） （11000KB）（204）       Knowledge map    Save The geological conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation in the continental strata of northeastern Sichuan Basin are favorable, particularly within the fourth member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation, which exhibits significant potential for natural gas exploration. In the eastern Yuanba area, the fourth member is characterized by underwater distributary channel microfacies within the delta front sedimentary subfacies, forming extensive sandstone reservoirs. Based on large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation, the development of high-quality reservoirs is a critical factor for controlling natural gas enrichment. The variations in sedimentary microfacies directly influence the properties of sandstone and control the distribution of high-quality reservoirs. Among the underwater distributary channel sedimentary microfacies, the main channel microfacies exhibit stable and strongdynamic water flow, which forms high-energy channel sandstone that represents the most favorable reservoir. Consequently, identifying high-energy channel sandstone is crucial for locating high-quality tight sandstone gas reservoir. Based on sedimentological theory, this study conducted the detailed analysis of well logging facies and data, corroborated by core analysis results, to establish the quantitative classification criteria for high-energy channel sandstone based on porosity and shaliness. Two identification methods for high-energy channel sandstone are proposed: (1) the joint well log facies identification method, and (2) the shaliness and porosity intersection analysis method. The effectiveness and accuracy of these methods are further validated through core analysis results and geophysical prediction results. These methods are widely applicable to the identification of highquality channel sandstone reservoirs in the Xujiahe Formation in northeastern Sichuan, thereby supporting tight gas sandstone exploration. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study of Distributed Monitoring and Intelligent Prediction of Seabed Wind Monopile Deflection PAN Wendong, SHI Bin, MENG Zhihao, HAN Heming, WEI Guangqing Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 312-323.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024032 Abstract （861）      PDF（pc） （1644KB）（860）       Knowledge map    Save Seabed wind monopiles are usually installed in offshore soft clay layers with poor engineering properties, and are prone to large deflections even destabilization under complex external loads, affecting the normal operation of the wind power system. Among the existing offshore wind monopile stability studies, monitoring and predicting deflection is one of the most costeffective methods. In view of the shortcomings of the traditional monitoring methods and the nonlinearity of monopile deflection changes, this study proposes a new method for monitoring and predicting the deflection of seabed wind monopiles based on Ultra Weak Fiber Bragging Grating (UWFBG) and Machine Learning (ML), and applies it to a case study of seabed wind monopiles in Shandong Peninsula. The continuous strain data along the monopile were successfully obtained by UWFBG, and the maximum deflection angle of the monopile was calculated to be 0.35°; The load influencing factors of top deflection angle such as wind speed, wind direction and tide were analyzed, and it was found that the top deflection angle was positively correlated with the wind speed and negatively correlated with the amplitude of the tides under the prevailing wind direction; The EEMD-PSO-SVR prediction model was established on this basis and successfully predicted the monopile deflection, compared with the measured values, the root-mean-square error and the mean absolute error of the prediction results were 0.0438° and 0.0358°, which verified the accuracy of the proposed prediction model.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development Characteristics of Hydrocarbon-forming Organisms and Sedimentary Organic Facies in the Jurassic Strata, Northeastern Sichuan Basin ZHOU Yongshui, JIA Yunqian, YANG Yuqiu, ZHANG Yunxian, XU Tianwu, YAO Suping Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 460-472.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024055 Abstract （860）      PDF（pc） （19445KB）（176）       Knowledge map    Save Three sets of organic-rich shales are developed in Jurassic in Sichuan Basin, including Dongyuemiao Member and Da’anzhai Member of Ziliujing Formation and Qianfoya Formation. The hydrocarbon-forming organisms of the low-maturity source rocks from the Jurassic section in the Aojiaying area of northeastern Sichuan were analyzed by isolating kerogen. The results show that there are abundant types of hydrocarbon-forming organisms in the study area, including Botryococcus braunii, dinoflagellate , cyanobacteria and higher plants. Also, the characteristics of hydrocarbon-forming biological assemblages are developed in different layers. Higher plants are common in the Dongyuemiao Member, pico -plankton and shells are most abundant in the Da’anzhai Formation, and green algae , dinoflagellates and other hydrocarbon-forming biological types are developed in the Qianfoya Formation. Based on the development, occurrence and the combined characteristics of hydrocarbon-forming organisms, the Jurassic organic facies in the study area can be divided into seven types: pico -plankton bloom single algae organic facies (I), multi-algal symbiotic development-spore-pollen mixed organic facies (II), pico -plankton -shell mixed organic facies (III), planktonic algae-benthic algae-shell complex ecological organic facies (IV), shell-blue algae mixed organic facies (V), spore-pollen dominant organic facies (VI) and higher plant development organic facies (VII). Among them, type I and type II are the main organic facies types in the study area. Type Ⅰ mainly occurs in the Da’anzhai Member and the main hydrocarbon-forming organisms of the organic facies are pico -plankton that are often in a vigorous state. The total organic carbon content and hydrogen index of the sedimentary organic facies are high with the organic matter type being good. It is often developed in the semi-deep lake-deep lake facies. Type Ⅱ is mainly developed in the high-quality source rocks of the Qianfoya Formation, which is rich in various types of algae and pollen, with high total organic carbon content and hydrogen index, good organic matter type. It is mainly developed in shallow lake-semi-deep lake facies.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Joint Inversion of Gravity and Seismic Data for the Moho in the Qaidam Basin with Control Points LI Zhonghua, LI Chaoyang, DONG Dongdong, GUO Dele Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 363-374.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024046 Abstract （845）      PDF（pc） （14689KB）（192）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the deep dynamic causal mechanism of shallow deformation in the Qaidam Basin, this study utilized Bouguer gravity anomaly data with the deep seismic profiles and natural seismic tomography data as control points to obtain the best datum plane, and invert the spatial distribution morphology of the Moho surface. The results show that the spatial variations of shallow tectonic deformation also manifest significant differences in the Moho depth between the eastern and western parts of the Qaidam Basin. In the western part of the basin, shallow tectonic deformation is stronger with extensive development of thrust and shortening structures. The Moho surface is relatively deep, approximately 55-61 km. In contrast, the eastern part of the basin exhibits weaker deformation overall, mainly concentrated at the basin margins with the Moho surface being relatively shallow, approximately 48-61 km. Additionally, there is a large steep zone between the East Kunlun Mountains and the eastern Qaidam Basin, where the Moho surface can abruptly change by about 15 km. These features indicate that under the tectonic background of the northeastward extension of the Tibetan Plateau, the crust in the western Qaidam Basin has undergone significant shortening and thickening, while the eastern part still retains characteristics similar to a stable craton basin, with minimal changes in crustal thickness. The deep-cut strike-slip faulting of the Altyn Tagh Fault zone, which induces crust-mantle mixing, is likely a decisive factor leading to the shortening and thickening of the western Qaidam Basin, thereby resulting in the spatial differences in the Moho surface between the eastern and western parts. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Geochemical Characteristics and Helium-producing Potential Evaluation of Main Helium Source Rocks in the Northern Qaidam Basin YANG Yuanyuan, YIN Wanxi, QIANG Xiaonong, MA Yongfu, LIU Qing, MA Yinsheng, HU Junjie, SHI Hui Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (04): 432-438.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024067 Abstract （844）      PDF（pc） （496KB）（248）       Knowledge map    Save Helium generating potential of helium source rocks act as the primary element in generating helium resources. Organic-rich shales and granites in the crust rich in uranium and thorium are good helium source rocks. Based on field geological surveys and core observations in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin, combined analysis of systematic element geochemistry and chronology data of different stratigraphic units in the area, this study investigated geochemical characteristics and heliumgenerating potential of the main helium source rock types in the Northern Qaidam Basin. The results show that the helium source rocks of the basement type of the Paleoproterozoic Dakendaban Group and the Early Paleozoic Tanjianshan Group display helium-generating intensity of 0.565×10-12 cm3/（a·g）and 0.278×10-12 cm3/（a·g）, respectively. Hercynian and Indosinian intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks occur in the basin margin. The helium-generating intensity of Hercynian and Indosinian volcanic rocks are 0.198×10-12 cm3/（a·g） and 0.623×10-12 cm3/（a·g）, while the Hercynian and Indosinian intrusive rocks show helium-generating intensity of 0.217×10-12 cm3/（a·g）and 0.348×10-12 cm3/（a·g）, respectively. The main sedimentary helium source rocks in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin are Carboniferous marine deposits and Jurassic continental strata with high uranium and thorium content. The Carboniferous series is widely distributed in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin and exhibits average abundance of U and Th of 8.70×10-6 and 15.10×10-6, respectively, and a helium-generating intensity of 1.483×10-12 cm3/（a·g）. The middle and lower Jurassic shale series occur intermittently along the Altun Mountain and Qaidam margins, displaying average abundance of U and Th of 7.72×10-6 and 20.21×10-6, respectively, and a helium-generating intensity of 1.509×10-12 cm3/（a·g）. Overall, this study lays a foundation for comprehensive helium resource geological surveys in the Qaidam Basin. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Carbon Sequestration Effect and Prospects for Artificial Sinking Enhancement of Marine Diatoms ZHU Huaxi, XUAN Kun, ZHOU Lingling, ZENG Zhihong, GE Chendong, HU Rong Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 152-164.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024008 Abstract （825）      PDF（pc） （1560KB）（2080）       Knowledge map    Save The ocean, as the largest active carbon reservoir in the Earth surface system, presents a huge potential for carbon sequestration. Owing to their unique physiological structure, widespread distribution, efficient carbon sequestration mechanisms, and strong proliferative capacity, diatoms contribute about 40% of ocean primary productivity and 40% of particulate organic carbon export, playing an important role in the marine biological carbon pump. These organisms exhibit robust carbon sequestration efficiency and exceptional adaptability through powerful CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) and efficient biophysical and biochemical carbon fixation processes. They also offer opportunities for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), presenting innovative avenues for biological carbon sequestration technology. Identifying and cultivating fast-growing diatom species, optimizing growth conditions, and enhancing photosynthesis efficiency are critical aspects. Current research has employed indoor physiological experiments to decipher factors influencing their physiological activities and carbon sequestration efficiency and further assessed the response of diatoms to global change from the perspective of global biogeochemical cycling. This provides an important theoretical basis for evaluating diatom-mediated natural carbon sequestration and their artificial augmentation prospects. Envisioned as a “microbial carbon sequestration factory”, diatoms hold promise in maximizing carbon sequestration capabilities while generating commercially valuable products. If the cost of carbon sequestration can be effectively reduced, diatom-driven carbon sequestration will be a technologically sustainable solution to support the “Dual Carbon Plan” in the future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Opportunities and Limitations of Medium Range Weather Forecasts for Flood Forecasting XUE Jingyu Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (03): 375-384.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024005 Abstract （737）      PDF（pc） （473KB）（602）       Knowledge map    Save Following the developments in the weather forecasting and computer technologies, the integration of medium-range weather forecasts and flood forecasting has become increasingly widespread. This paper investigates medium-range weather forecasts and flood predictions, analyzing the application of four operational continental-scale flood forecasting systems in Europe, Australia, and the United States, and explores the opportunities and challenges of using medium-range weather forecasts in flood prediction. The paper points out that the opportunities for medium-range weather forecasts include the increasing availability of observational data, advancements in data assimilation techniques, and the application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. However, challenges remain, such as the inherent uncertainty of atmospheric systems, the lack of observational data in some regions, limitations in model accuracy and model scale transformation, and the complexity of ensemble prediction methods. In the future, by overcoming these challenges, medium-range weather forecasts are expected to play a more significant role in improving the accuracy of flood forecasts, providing more effective support for preventing and mitigating flood disasters. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of RMR Method in Open-pit Mine Slope Design ZHOU Linsong, XU Baotian, LIU Zhengming, LIU Kaibin, ZHU Linghao, ZHENG He Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 165-173.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024029 Abstract （616）      PDF（pc） （1916KB）（819）       Knowledge map    Save The stability analysis and average slope angle value of open-pit mining slopes are key issues that are in mine slope design. In mining engineering, with mining progresses, the slope height gradually increases will lead to a change of the slope stability, and the average slope angle needs to be continuously adjusted. This paper combines specific mine slopes, and geological survey points on site that were arranged to investigate the engineering geological characteristics of the rock mass, and obtain the rock mass classification (RMR) values of the rock mass quality indices combined with indoor testing. According to the rock mass classification values and the terrain of the mine, the rock mass classification values range and slope height range of this study are determined. During analyzing the stability of mine slopes, the geological strength index (GSI) determined by the rock mass classification value, and the strength parameters of the rock mass were estimated by the slope height are determined firstly. Then the slope stability was calculated by simplifying the bishop method to obtain the average slope angle under the conditions of the given safety factor. By analyzing the influence of rock mass classification value and slope height on the average slope angle, a theoretical calculation formula for the average slope angle was proposed, and a stability assessment diagram for rock slopes has been drawn. The calculation results of the research conclusions are compared with the calculation results of other scholars‘methods to verify the reliability of the research conclusions by combining a slope engineering example of a limestone mine in the southern Jiangsu region. The research conclusion of this article can provide a theoretical basis for the design of mining slopes and the stability analysis of open-pit mining slopes. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of Fe, Cu and Zn Isotopes in Medical Diagnosis GUO Rui, YU Huimin, ZHANG Huafeng, JIA Weidong, HUANG Fang Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 185-199.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024020 Abstract （530）      PDF（pc） （2410KB）（852）       Knowledge map    Save The transition metals Fe, Cu and Zn are the key elements for life, and their isotope compositions are expected to be a new index to diagnose human diseases. This article reviewed the principle of Fe, Cu and Zn isotopes in medicine, and the research of their application in medical diagnosis. Because Fe isotopes can effectively trace the diseases related to Fe metabolism, Cu isotopes plays an important role in tracing liver disease and cancer, and Zn isotopes can be used as an effective tracer for cancer in secretory organs, these isotopes can be used in medical diagnosis. We hope this study will promote the research and application of metal stable isotopes in medicine and establish the index of metal stable isotope in medical diagnosis.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the Sanding Mechanism of Dolomite in Central Yunnan WU Yonghong, XU Hongzhong, HE Xiao, WANG Muwan, WANG Shihua, ZHAO Yongchuan, MI Jian Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 229-237.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024030 Abstract （520）      PDF（pc） （3609KB）（317）       Knowledge map    Save In order to investigate the effects of structural rupture and dissolution on dolomite sanding in Yuxi section of central Yunnan water diversion project, indoor static dissolution experiments of dolomite under different acid solutions and temperatures were carried out. Further study on the sanding mechanism of dolomite in Yuxi section of central Yunnan water diversion project was conducted by means of SEM, XRD and EDS energy spectrum analysis. The dissolution test results show that crystal structure and temperature of dolomite are the main factors affecting dissolution rates of dolomite, and microstructures of rock samples after dissolution becomes obviously different from that of rock samples with higher degree of sanding and being undissolved. The quantitative analysis of the microstructure of PCAS software reveals that the closer the rock sample is to the fault, the more seriously broken the rock sample becomes, and the higher the probability entropy, the higher fractal dimension and apparent porosity. The results of XRD and EDS spectra show that the mineral composition of dolomite samples with different degrees of sanding does not change obviously. For the study of regional sandy dolomite strata, dissolution is not the main factor of sanding, but tectonic fracture is the main controlling factor of dolomite sanding. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of HydroSHEDS Dataset in Climate Change and Biodiversity Evolution HOU Zixi, ZHENG Dongyu, XIANG Fang, BAI Jie, CHEN Anqing, MA Chao, HOU Mingcai Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 238-254.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024023 Abstract （517）      PDF（pc） （4646KB）（933）       Knowledge map    Save Climate and biodiversity changes affect the environment, and they are also the consequences of environmental change. The HydroSHEDS dataset is a multi-source of global natural-human dataset that is based on basic hydrological information from basins, which forms a nested basin dataset with 12 levels. This dataset provides valuable support for studying how environmental characteristics of basins impact climate change and species distribution. The study investigates the content and application examples of the dataset, and then summarizes the research significance of the HydroSHEDS dataset for climate changes and biodiversity evolution in modern and Quaternary. The results indicate that: (1) HydroSHEDS v1 contains basic global basin information, including flow directions, flow accumulation, and river networks. It incorporates 6 categories (hydrology, physiography, climate, soil & geology, land cover & use, and anthropogenic influences) which comprise 56 variables, a total of 281 attributes on a global scale. (2) By utilizing the fundamental or core data of HydroSHEDS, modern and deep-time climate change research can be conducted, including investigating the impacts of climate changes on other components of the surface system by model simulating, calculating the relationship between basin attribute characteristics and the changes of greenhouse gas concentrations, and the quantitative assessment of proxy data to improve the reconstruction of precipitation and evaporation within the climate model. (3) By directly overlaying or integrated weighting analysis, the environmental attributes of HydroSHEDS dataset could analyze the impacts on species habitats or actual ranges, and simulate their potential distributions in the present and future. (4) Although HydroSHEDS can be used as a prerequisite for the analysis and application of surface systems, the timeliness and sequence of the environmental attribute information recorded by this dataset are not emphasized, rendering this dataset as suitable auxiliary data in time series research. Enriching the time series data of HydroSHEDS is expected to provide valuable support for predicting future climate change and biodiversity evolution and deep-time research. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Anomaly Data Identification Method for Geological Disaster Monitoring Based on Generate Adversarial Network LIU Jiangcheng, HAO Guangyao, TAO Hong, XU Yanyan, WANG Heng, JIANG Xianhui, CHEN Qun Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 174-184.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024002 Abstract （508）      PDF（pc） （769KB）（1365）       Knowledge map    Save Reliable geological hazard warning depends on accurate sensing data. In order to solve the problems of large noise and long time sequence characteristics of geological monitoring sensor data, we propose a method to identify abnormal data of geological disaster monitoring based on generative adversarial network. Firstly, the RandAugment algorithm is used to enrich the diversity of training data and improve the robustness to noise. Secondly, multi-head self-attention mechanism is used to extract long time series features, and the stability of early warning performance is improved by adversarial training mechanism. Experiments on four real-time series sensor data streams extracted from hidden geological disaster points in Shaanxi Province show that the proposed method has a 5%-10% improvement in AUROC and F1 indexes, compared to widely used machine learning methods.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Discrete Element Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Detachment Layer Properties on Positive Inversion Structures TAN Zhihai, YIN Hongwei Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 131-142.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024025 Abstract （488）      PDF（pc） （6171KB）（739）       Knowledge map    Save Positive inversion structures are prevalent in many basins in our country and even all over the world. The deformation simulation of positive inversion structures can deepen the understanding of the main controlling factors, identify the degree of fault inversion and help the exploration and development of oil and gas. In this paper, the discrete element numerical simulation method is used to study the effects of the presence or absence of detachment layer, the thickness of detachment layer, the strength of detachment layer, and the longitudinal depth of detachment layer on the deformation characteristics and deformation mechanism of folded thrust fault zones containing pre-existing rift traps, and we observe the reversal time of the pre-existing rifttrapped bounding faults in the simulation results, as well as the final degree of reversal. The experimental results show that there is a regional extensive detachment layer in the upper part of the pre-existing rift, which transform the fold-thrust belt from a forward thrust imbricate structure to a more rheological crumple structure with the progress of extrusion. and the strata above the detachment layer slides along the detachment layer for a long distance. The regional extensive overburden detachment layer has a strong inhibitory effect on the inversion of the underlying pre-rift boundary fault. When the thickness of the regional extensive detachment layer is larger, the capability is weaker and the longitudinal depth is deeper, the inhibitory effect on the underlying pre-existing rift boundary faults is stronger, the inversion of the boundary fault occurs later and the final degree of inversion is smaller or even no inversion occurs. The gypsum layer of the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang-Leikoupo Formation in Sichuan Basin has a strong inhibitory effect on the activation of the underlying preexisting faults. The boundary fault of the underlying Deyang Anyue rift did not have obvious activation inversion under the extrusion of the Himalayan Movement, good preservation conditions of oil and gas are obtained. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Deformation Characteristics and Structural Significance of the Middle Qiulitage Structural Belt in the Kuqa Depression: Based on Field Investigation and Structural Interpretaion of Seismic Profiles ZHANG Zhixin, WU Zhenyun, DENG Hanxiao, WANG Wei, WANG Hongyan, HE Wanhui, LI Huixin, MAO Keyi, DONG Shaochun, YIN Hongwei Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 213-228.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024050 Abstract （481）      PDF（pc） （20484KB）（314）       Knowledge map    Save The middle Qiulitage structural belt (Zhongqiu belt) in the Kuqa Depression is located in the overlapping area of the Kumugeliemu (K1-2 km) salt and Jidike (N1 j) salt. Divided by the Yanshui river of the Zhongqiu belt, significant differences in structural deformation styles are presented on the eastern and western sides, inferred that there are structural transformation characteristics. Based on field geological investigations and structural interpretation of seismic profiles, the structural characteristics of the Zhongqiu belt are analyzed in detail, and the structural transformation characteristics of the Zhongqiu belt are further determined, and the differentiated structural transformation mechanism between the suprasalt and subsalt strata is clarified. The results show that the suprasalt strata in the Zhongqiu belt experienced two stages of structural evolution. The first stage was dominated by folding deformation from the end of the Kangcun Formation (N1k) to the early Kuqa Formation (N2k), primarily forming the Kuqa-Tawu anticline and southern Qiulitage anticline arranged in an offset pattern in the Zhongqiu belt. The second stage was primarily dominated by thrust faulting from the early N2k to the Quaternary. Under the effect of fault activities, the anticlines were further uplifted and deformed, gradually forming the front zone, uplift zone, torsional core zone, and gentle slope zone, distributed sequentially from south to north in the Zhongqiu belt. The structural deformation of the torsional core zone is the most severe, and the different structural styles on the eastern and western sides indicate that strike-slip faults may develop in this zone to release the compression-torsion stress caused by the differential displacement on both sides. The structural transfer model of suprasalt strata in the Zhongqiu belt is characterized as a synthetic type, where displacement is transferred between faults with similar dip angles, leading to features such as twisting and branching of surface folds. The subsalt structural transformation is mainly accomplished by the variation of the extension distance of thrust faults along strike and the variation of fault dip angles. The structural transformations in both suprasalt and subsalt strata are influenced by salt layers. The multi-layer distribution and thickness variations of salt layers in the east-west direction are key factors contributing to the differential development locations of the Kuqa-Tawu anticline and southern Qiulitage anticline. The subsalt faults of the southern Qiulitage anticline extend farther to the south under the control of double salt layers (K1-2km and N1 j salt layers), whereas the subsalt faults of the Kuqa-Tawu anticline, controlled by a single salt layer ( N1 j salt layer), have relatively shorter extension distances.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Uncertainty Analysis Based on Mixed Likelihood Function in Snowmelt Runoff Model WU Jitian, ZENG Xiankui, WU Jichun Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 123-130.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024012 Abstract （442）      PDF（pc） （2560KB）（332）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the influence of model parameters and observational data, hydrological models usually have significant uncertainties. Quantitative analysis of the uncertainty of snowmelt runoff simulation can control the uncertainty of the simulation results and improve the predictive performance of the model, which is of great significance for the scientific management of water resources in cold and arid mountainous regions. In this study, the parameter uncertainty analysis of snowmelt runoff model based on Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) is carried out in the Cele River basin in southern Xinjiang as the study area. Aiming at the difficulties such as zero flatted error of the likelihood function and the residual structure in MCMC, a mixed likelihood function with a combination of binomial and normal distributions is used to describe the residual structure, and the results are compared and analyzed with those of the traditional Gaussian likelihood function. Model evaluation indicators such as the Root Mean Square Error, coefficient of determination and prediction interval coverage show that the uncertainty analysis results based on the mixed likelihood function have better prediction performance. Therefore, the mixed likelihood function can more reasonably portray the structure of the simulated residuals of snowmelt runoff, significantly improve the prediction performance of hydrological models, and is conducive to the implementation of scientific and accurate water resource management and protection. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Performance Differences of Collogen Adsorption by Minerals and the Environmental Implications XIE Xinyue, CHEN Yan, ZHOU Yuefei, KAN Libo, DU Mengmeng, XIE Qiaoqin, CHEN Tianhu Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 255-262.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024016 Abstract （438）      PDF（pc） （2755KB）（296）       Knowledge map    Save Collogens in the pseudopodia and organic matters in the shell of the agglutinated foraminifera play key roles in the capturing and preserving of special detrital minerals. However, the relative mechanism and environmental implications are still not well understood. In this study, adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency, thermodynamics, kinetics, the effect of solution pH on the adsorption of collogen, and the effect of adsorbed collogen on the adsorption of heavy metals by minerals, were conducted. Results showed that the equilibrium time of collogen adsorption by quartz and albite is 25 h, while that by rutile is about 12 h. The adsorption can be described by the quasi-second-order dynamics equation for all the three minerals. As for adsorption thermodynamics, quartz and albite are more in line with the Freundlich equation, while rutile is in line with the Langmuir equation. The order of the maximum adsorption capacity for three minerals is rutile>albite>quartz. At pH=3.0, both albite and rutile obtain respective maximum collogen adsorption capacity; while for quartz, the adsorption capacity is unrelated to the solution pH. Generally, the immobilization abilities of Zn and Cu by three minerals are enhanced after the modification of mineral surface by the adsorbed collogen. The results indicated that the agglutinated foraminifera can achieve the targets of selectively capturing and locking minerals through decreasing pH, and the effect of organic matters should be considered when the foraminifera shells are introduced for tracing the heavy metal concentrations. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Lacustrine Organic Matter Accumulation During Gradually Arid Palaeoclimate in the Late of Middle Jurassic, Northern Qaidam Basin GUO Wang, CHEN Gang, LI Yuhong, ZHANG Yunpeng, LI Yonghong, DANG Hongliang Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 200-212.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024007 Abstract （421）      PDF（pc） （941KB）（470）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the accumulation mechanism of organic matter in shale under the gradually arid palaeoclimate in the Late of Middle Jurassic for Northern Qaidam Basin, this paper systematically analyzed the palaeoclimate characteristics and its relation with the supply and preservation of organic matter by means of organic geochemistry, inorganic geochemistry and mineral composition analysis of shale samples for Seven Member of Dameigou Formation from some wells in Yuqia area. Compared with the lower gray-black shale, the upper gray-brown shale is characterized by higher organic matter content and sapropelic organic matter type. The higher contents of carbonate minerals and Sr/Cu, and the lower palaeoclimate index C value, with wide range, indicate gradually arid palaeoclimate with high frequency fluctuation. Apparent difference of C value for gray-brown shale in lateral direction reflects that the palaeoclimate at the same period is also stable. Lower Al and Ti contents indicate weak input of terrigenous detrital matter. Higher P/Ti and Ba/Al indicate higher palaeoproductivity. Lower Pr/Ph and higher pyrite content indicate more reducing water conditions. Higher Sr/Ba and mostly high gammacerane index reflect water salinization of the lake and water stratification in most areas. Based on the above proxies, it can be concluded that a certain degree of arid palaeoclimate is favorable to the decrease of terrigenous matter input, the increase of palaeoproductivity, the enhancement of water reducibility and salinity, and the stratification of most areas, which can facilitate sapropelic organic matter accumulation. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Laboratory Investigation of Influence of Underground Structures on Pumping-Induced Land Subsidence ZHANG Qianlong, GUO Lianjun, ZHANG Yun, SU Zhicong, SUN Tao Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 143-151.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024018 Abstract （388）      PDF（pc） （961KB）（539）       Knowledge map    Save A laboratory physical model test was carried out to investigate the impact of underground structures on pumpinginduced land subsidence, in which the underground structure was represented by a concrete plate. The vertical displacement and pore water pressure were documented through sensors, from which temporal and spatial distribution patterns of vertical displacement and pore water pressure had been analyzed. It has been shown that the presence of the plate and the depth of the plate in soil have significant influence on the values and distribution patterns of vertical displacement and pore water pressure, and so does the distance of the plate to the pumping well. The presence of the plate blocks the water flow in soils and impedes water replenishment from lateral sources, prolonging the process for the pore water pressure and soil displacement to reach a stable state. It also increases the subsidence of the soil layer and the drop in pore water pressure. The subsidence increasingly changes with the relative depth of the plate in soil, however, the relationship between them is nonlinear and with a critical value (85% in this experiment). When the relative depth of the plate is smaller the critical value, the maximum subsidence of the sand layer changes gently with the depth of plate in soil, whereas it varies significantly when the relative depth of the plate is greater than the critical value. In the numerical simulations of land subsidence in the presence of underground structures, consideration should not only be given to the obstructive effects of the structures on water flow but also to their hindrance to soil displacement. The findings of this paper can provide valuable insights for the prediction and mitigation of pumping-induced land subsidence. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Stable Tungsten Isotope Composition of Hydrothermal Sediments and Its Implications for the Oceanic Tungsten Cycle LIU Shu, HU Rong, LI Tao, YANG Ruiyu, LI Gaojun Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (05): 515-523.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024071 Abstract （240）      PDF（pc） （1967KB）（244）       Knowledge map    Save Stable tungsten isotopes (δ186/184W) are a promising new geochemical proxy for tracing surface material cycles and reconstructing ancient ocean environments. A clear understanding of the source-sink system of stable W isotopes in the ocean is essential for expanding the application. Research indicates that riverine input constitutes the primary source of W in modern oceans, while non-euxinic sediments serve as the main sink. However, the fluxes and isotopic characteristics of different types of non-euxinic sediment sinks remain unclear. Hydrothermal sediments, enriched in hydrothermal sourced iron-manganese oxides, can adsorb significant amounts of W from seawater during sedimentation, resulting in authigenic W enrichment and making them a potentially significant sink. This study analyzed hydrothermal sediment samples from ODP Site 834A in the Lau Basin, South Pacific, to estimate the contribution of hydrothermal sediments to the global oceanic W budget. The high W/ Th in the samples suggests minimal detrital input, while the W/Mo ratio, rare earth element distributions, and δ186/184W values indicate that W in the sediments was primarily adsorbed from seawater by iron-manganese oxides, with manganese oxides playing a dominant role. The lower-than-expected isotopic fractionation between sediments and seawater may reflect porewater effects driven by rapid sedimentation and high depositional flux. Based on the W/Mn ratios and global hydrothermal Mn fluxes, the hydrothermal sediments W sink flux is estimated to constitute less than 5% of the total riverine input, implying the presence of other unrecognized major W sinks.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Need for Critical Metals in the Development of Carbon-neutral Technologies ZHOU Yiyang, ZHAO Liang, ZHU Chen, ZHANG Menglong, FENG Henan, SUN Jiajia Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (05): 632-645.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024044 Abstract （220）      PDF（pc） （927KB）（887）       Knowledge map    Save With the deepening of global attention to climate change, carbon neutrality has become a general consensus and strategic goal of the international community. Achieving this goal relies on a wide range of advanced technologies and solutions, including renewable energy, electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies. However, the large-scale deployment of these technologies has created a surge in demand for key metals, posing a new challenge. This paper reviews the dynamic changes in the demand for key metals in the context of the development of carbon neutral technologies, explores the potential supply risks, and proposes countermeasures. This paper analyzes the dependence of key technologies such as wind energy, solar photovoltaic, battery energy storage, hydrogen energy and electric vehicles on key metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel and rare earth elements. With the rapid growth of installed clean energy capacity, the demand for these metals is expected to rise significantly in the coming decades. For example, demand for lithium, cobalt and nickel for electric vehicle batteries and for rare earth metals such as neodymium and dysprosium used in wind turbine magnets is growing far faster than current mining and recycling capabilities. In conclusion, the rapid development of carbon-neutral technologies poses new challenges to the demand for key metals, requiring a global vision and innovative solutions to ensure sustainable supply of resources and support the global transition to a low-carbon economy. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Three-dimensional Structure and Velocity Model of Xiaoyangkou Geothermal Field in the Subei Basin LIANG Boyu, WANG Maomao, QIAN Jiawei, YU Pengfei, LI Han, ZHANG Chao, YAN Bing, SU Jinbao, MA Haoran Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (05): 524-534.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024074 Abstract （189）      PDF（pc） （15462KB）（88）       Knowledge map    Save The Xiaoyangkou geothermal field is located in the southern part of the Haian sag in the Subei Basin, bounded by the near east-west Benchahe fault and the northeast-oriented Jintan-Rugao fault. The geothermal well RRY1 of Xiaoyangkou is currently the only intermediate-temperature geothermal well in Jiangsu Province, with a peak temperature of 92 ℃ . However, the formation, distribution, and relationship of this geothermal resource with the regional fault system remain unclear. This study integrates regional seismic reflection profiles and drilling data to conduct 3D structural and velocity modeling of the Benchahe fault and Jintan-Rugao fault to explore the structural controls on the formation of the Xiaoyangkou geothermal resources. We collected ambient noise data using a dense array and applied cross-correlation calculations, dispersion curve extraction, and direct inversion tomography to construct a 3D shear wave velocity structure down to 4 km. The 3D structural model shows that the Benchahe and Jintan-Rugao faults trend NEE with a northern dip of 60° to 70°. The 3D velocity model reveals significant lateral heterogeneity in the shear wave velocity structure at depths of 2.0 to 3.5 km, with high-velocity and low-velocity boundaries correlating strongly with the Benchahe and Jintan-Rugao faults, reflecting the influence of normal faulting within the sag on the velocity structure. Additionally, a distinct low-velocity anomaly is observed between the Benchahe fault and Jintan-Rugao fault, manifesting vertically as a decrease in shear wave velocity gradient, which coincides with the position of the Silurian quartz sandstone geothermal reservoir at depths of 2.0 to 2.8 km. Based on the regional 3D fault structure and velocity models, as well as previous studies, this research proposes two geothermal modes:‘conductive’above and‘convective’below the Neogene base are primarily controlled by the regional fault system and deep fluid convection, offering a framework for future exploration of faultrelated geothermal resources in coastal zones.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Slope Factor Screening and Susceptibility Assessment Based on the Grey Relational Degree Model and Geographic Detector XIE Xianjian, Wu Han, Xu Bin, LYU Yiwei Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (05): 535-551.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024073 Abstract （186）      PDF（pc） （9093KB）（556）       Knowledge map    Save Slope factor screening and susceptibility assessment play a significant role in reducing landslide disaster risks, optimizing land use, protecting ecological environments, advancing scientific research, and enhancing governmental disaster management capabilities. This study first constructs a landslide susceptibility database considering two aspects: terrain and basic geological factors, as well as hydrological environment, surface cover, and socioeconomic factors. Then, utilizing GIS technology, it employs principal component analysis, grey relational analysis, geographic detector methods, and the coefficient of variations to diagnose the critical factors influencing landslide susceptibility in the Xiaojiang River Basin. In addition, it uses the weighted overlay tool in spatial analysis to conduct a comprehensive assessment of landslide susceptibility in the study area. The results indicate that the area proportions of extremely high, high, moderate, low, and extremely low susceptibility zones in the study area are 9.91:21.90:29.76:26.00:12.43, respectively. Verification was conducted on 176 different grades of landslide types in the study area, and 75.76% of the total number of large and mega-sized landslides are distributed within the high and extremely high susceptibility zones, which together cover 31.81% of the basin’s total area. Small and medium-sized landslides are entirely distributed in the moderate, low, and extremely low susceptibility zones, with few large and mega-sized landslides found in the low and extremely low susceptibility areas. The evaluation of landslide susceptibility using 15 critical factors, selected by the grey relational analysis model and the geographic detector method, agrees with the real-world conditions. This confirms the accuracy of the methods and can provide a scientific basis for landslide susceptibility assessment in the study area. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism of Present-day Geothermal Field in Western Junggar Basin XU Jiabo1, 2, 3, CHANG Jian1, 2, 3, GUO Huajun4, LI Chenxing2, 3, SHAN Xiang4, PENG Bo4, QIU Nansheng2, 3, ZHANG Ze2, 3 Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (05): 618-631.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024083 Abstract （186）      PDF（pc） （3313KB）（256）       Knowledge map    Save This study explores the geothermal features of the Mahu Sag and Ke-Wu fault zone, including the present-day geothermal gradient, terrestrial heat flow, formation temperatures at depths of 5000-8000 m, and the lithosphere’s thermal structure, utilizing data from 70 wells and 98 rock samples, and establishes a geothermal genetic model for the Mahu-Ke-Wu region. In the Mahu-Karamay-Wuerhe region, the thermal conductivity of Carboniferous-Paleogene rocks ranges from 1.5 to 3.03 W/（m·K）, exhibiting a stepwise increase with the age of the strata. The geothermal gradient in the study area ranges from 16.25 to 22.42 ℃ /km (Avg: 21.18 ℃ /km）. The heat flow ranges from 34.73 to 52.62 mW/m2 (Avg: 44.01 mW/m2）. The temperature of strata at 5000 meters depth ranges from 85.4 to 126.5 ℃ (Avg:113.2 ℃）. At 6000 meters depth, the temperature ranges from 104.9 to 144.2 ℃ (Avg: 134.9 ℃）. At 7000 meters depth, the temperature ranges from 120.9 to 167.9 ℃ (Avg: 153.6 ℃）. At 8000 meters depth, the temperature ranges from 133.8 to 182.3 ℃ (Avg: 170.8 ℃）. Vertically, the geothermal gradient decreases by 2 ℃ /km. The heat flow ratio between the fault zone and the sag crust-mantle is 0.77 and 1.20, respectively, indicating a typical cold crust and cold mantle structure. The geothermal genetic model of the Mahu-Karamay-Wuerhe region shows that the crustal structure of different tectonic units, along with variations in thermal conductivity between the sedimentary cover and the folded basement rocks, is the key factor governing the distribution of the geothermal field in the study area. The varying depths of the Moho surface in the sag and fault zones provide different amounts of heat to the surface, and the differences in rock thermal conductivity allows redistribution of heat in the shallow strata, resulting in a convex high-concave low heat flow distribution pattern. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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MICP Based Bio-healing Method for Non-penetrating Steep Rock Fractures with High Bridging Rate DAI Qichen, PAN Xiaohua, ZHANG Yichen, TANG Chaosheng Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (05): 562-571.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024076 Abstract （175）      PDF（pc） （15715KB）（431）       Knowledge map    Save Rock instability is a common geological hazard in human activities, engineering construction, and natural environments. Its widespread and frequent occurrence highlights the urgent need for effective prevention. Both academic and engineering communities generally agree that fracture is a dominant factor controlling rock stability, and healing of shallow fractures with small aperture to prevent further expansion is an effective and economical strategy for actively prevention of rock instability hazards. This study focuses on studying the non-penetrating steep rock fractures with small aperture, and adopts microbialinduced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) as the bio-healing technique. A MICP based bio-healing method for nonpenetrating steep rock fractures with high bridging rate was proposed based on an innovative three-step injection strategy. The feasibility of the method was systematically examined through a series of laboratory bio-healing tests, spatiotemporal evolution characteristic tracking of the bio-healing process, testing of physical and mechanical properties, and analysis of typical local microstructures. The regulation laws of key factors affecting the bio-healing effect were identified, the microstructural evolution characteristics and the optimal combination scheme of influencing factors for each treatment step was determined. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Geological Journal of China Universities    2025, 31 (02): 263-.   Abstract （175）      PDF（pc） （1172KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）