Table of Content

20 April 2025, Volume 31 Issue 02

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Uncertainty Analysis Based on Mixed Likelihood Function in Snowmelt Runoff Model

WU Jitian, ZENG Xiankui, WU Jichun

2025, 31(02):  123-130.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024012

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Due to the influence of model parameters and observational data, hydrological models usually have significant uncertainties. Quantitative analysis of the uncertainty of snowmelt runoff simulation can control the uncertainty of the simulation results and improve the predictive performance of the model, which is of great significance for the scientific management of water resources in cold and arid mountainous regions. In this study, the parameter uncertainty analysis of snowmelt runoff model based on Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) is carried out in the Cele River basin in southern Xinjiang as the study area. Aiming at the difficulties such as zero flatted error of the likelihood function and the residual structure in MCMC, a mixed likelihood function with a combination of binomial and normal distributions is used to describe the residual structure, and the results are compared and analyzed with those of the traditional Gaussian likelihood function. Model evaluation indicators such as the Root Mean Square Error, coefficient of determination and prediction interval coverage show that the uncertainty analysis results based on the mixed likelihood function have better prediction performance. Therefore, the mixed likelihood function can more reasonably portray the structure of the simulated residuals of snowmelt runoff, significantly improve the prediction performance of hydrological models, and is conducive to the implementation of scientific and accurate water resource management and protection.


Discrete Element Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Detachment Layer Properties on Positive Inversion Structures

TAN Zhihai, YIN Hongwei

2025, 31(02):  131-142.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024025

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Positive inversion structures are prevalent in many basins in our country and even all over the world. The deformation simulation of positive inversion structures can deepen the understanding of the main controlling factors, identify the degree of fault inversion and help the exploration and development of oil and gas. In this paper, the discrete element numerical simulation method is used to study the effects of the presence or absence of detachment layer, the thickness of detachment layer, the strength of detachment layer, and the longitudinal depth of detachment layer on the deformation characteristics and deformation mechanism of folded thrust fault zones containing pre-existing rift traps, and we observe the reversal time of the pre-existing rifttrapped
bounding faults in the simulation results, as well as the final degree of reversal. The experimental results show that there is a regional extensive detachment layer in the upper part of the pre-existing rift, which transform the fold-thrust belt from a forward thrust imbricate structure to a more rheological crumple structure with the progress of extrusion. and the strata above the detachment layer slides along the detachment layer for a long distance. The regional extensive overburden detachment layer has a strong inhibitory effect on the inversion of the underlying pre-rift boundary fault. When the thickness of the regional extensive detachment layer is larger, the capability is weaker and the longitudinal depth is deeper, the inhibitory effect on the underlying pre-existing rift boundary faults is stronger, the inversion of the boundary fault occurs later and the final degree of inversion is smaller or even no inversion occurs. The gypsum layer of the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang-Leikoupo Formation in Sichuan Basin has a strong inhibitory effect on the activation of the underlying preexisting faults. The boundary fault of the underlying Deyang Anyue rift did not have obvious activation inversion under the extrusion of the Himalayan Movement, good preservation conditions of oil and gas are obtained.

Laboratory Investigation of Influence of Underground Structures on Pumping-Induced Land Subsidence

ZHANG Qianlong, GUO Lianjun, ZHANG Yun, SU Zhicong, SUN Tao

2025, 31(02):  143-151.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024018

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A laboratory physical model test was carried out to investigate the impact of underground structures on pumpinginduced land subsidence, in which the underground structure was represented by a concrete plate. The vertical displacement and pore water pressure were documented through sensors, from which temporal and spatial distribution patterns of vertical displacement and pore water pressure had been analyzed. It has been shown that the presence of the plate and the depth of the plate in soil have significant influence on the values and distribution patterns of vertical displacement and pore water pressure, and so does the distance of the plate to the pumping well. The presence of the plate blocks the water flow in soils and impedes water replenishment from lateral sources, prolonging the process for the pore water pressure and soil displacement to reach a stable state. It also increases the subsidence of the soil layer and the drop in pore water pressure. The subsidence increasingly changes with the relative depth of the plate in soil, however, the relationship between them is nonlinear and with a critical value (85% in this experiment). When the relative depth of the plate is smaller the critical value, the maximum subsidence of the sand layer changes gently with the depth of plate in soil, whereas it varies significantly when the relative depth of the plate is greater than the critical value. In the numerical simulations of land subsidence in the presence of underground structures, consideration should not only be given to the obstructive effects of the structures on water flow but also to their hindrance to soil displacement. The findings of this paper can provide valuable insights for the prediction and mitigation of pumping-induced land subsidence.

Carbon Sequestration Effect and Prospects for Artificial Sinking Enhancement of Marine Diatoms

ZHU Huaxi, XUAN Kun, ZHOU Lingling, ZENG Zhihong, GE Chendong, HU Rong

2025, 31(02):  152-164.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024008

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The ocean, as the largest active carbon reservoir in the Earth surface system, presents a huge potential for carbon sequestration. Owing to their unique physiological structure, widespread distribution, efficient carbon sequestration mechanisms, and strong proliferative capacity, diatoms contribute about 40% of ocean primary productivity and 40% of particulate organic carbon export, playing an important role in the marine biological carbon pump. These organisms exhibit robust carbon sequestration efficiency and exceptional adaptability through powerful CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) and efficient biophysical and biochemical carbon fixation processes. They also offer opportunities for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), presenting innovative avenues for biological carbon sequestration technology. Identifying and cultivating fast-growing diatom species, optimizing growth conditions, and enhancing photosynthesis efficiency are critical aspects. Current research has employed indoor physiological experiments to decipher factors influencing their physiological activities and carbon sequestration efficiency and further assessed the response of diatoms to global change from the perspective of global biogeochemical cycling. This provides an important theoretical basis for evaluating diatom-mediated natural carbon sequestration and their artificial augmentation prospects. Envisioned as a “microbial carbon sequestration factory”, diatoms hold promise in maximizing carbon sequestration capabilities while generating commercially valuable products. If the cost of carbon sequestration can be effectively reduced, diatom-driven carbon sequestration will be a technologically sustainable solution to support the “Dual Carbon Plan” in the future.

Application of RMR Method in Open-pit Mine Slope Design

ZHOU Linsong, XU Baotian, LIU Zhengming, LIU Kaibin, ZHU Linghao, ZHENG He

2025, 31(02):  165-173.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024029

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The stability analysis and average slope angle value of open-pit mining slopes are key issues that are in mine slope design. In mining engineering, with mining progresses, the slope height gradually increases will lead to a change of the slope stability, and the average slope angle needs to be continuously adjusted. This paper combines specific mine slopes, and geological survey points on site that were arranged to investigate the engineering geological characteristics of the rock mass, and obtain the rock mass classification (RMR) values of the rock mass quality indices combined with indoor testing. According to the rock mass classification values and the terrain of the mine, the rock mass classification values range and slope height range of this study are determined. During analyzing the stability of mine slopes, the geological strength index (GSI) determined by the rock mass classification value, and the strength parameters of the rock mass were estimated by the slope height are determined firstly. Then the slope stability was calculated by simplifying the bishop method to obtain the average slope angle under the conditions of the given safety factor. By analyzing the influence of rock mass classification value and slope height on the average slope angle, a theoretical calculation formula for the average slope angle was proposed, and a stability assessment diagram for rock slopes has been drawn. The calculation results of the research conclusions are compared with the calculation results of other scholars‘methods to verify the reliability of the research conclusions by combining a slope engineering example of a limestone mine in the southern Jiangsu region. The research conclusion of this article can provide a theoretical basis for the design of mining slopes and the stability analysis of open-pit mining slopes.

Anomaly Data Identification Method for Geological Disaster Monitoring Based on Generate Adversarial Network

LIU Jiangcheng, HAO Guangyao, TAO Hong, XU Yanyan, WANG Heng, JIANG Xianhui, CHEN Qun

2025, 31(02):  174-184.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024002

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Reliable geological hazard warning depends on accurate sensing data. In order to solve the problems of large noise and long time sequence characteristics of geological monitoring sensor data, we propose a method to identify abnormal data of geological disaster monitoring based on generative adversarial network. Firstly, the RandAugment algorithm is used to enrich the diversity of training data and improve the robustness to noise. Secondly, multi-head self-attention mechanism is used to extract long time series features, and the stability of early warning performance is improved by adversarial training mechanism. Experiments on four real-time series sensor data streams extracted from hidden geological disaster points in Shaanxi Province show that the proposed method has a 5%-10% improvement in AUROC and F1 indexes, compared to widely used machine learning methods. 


Application of Fe, Cu and Zn Isotopes in Medical Diagnosis

GUO Rui, YU Huimin, ZHANG Huafeng, JIA Weidong, HUANG Fang

2025, 31(02):  185-199.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024020

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The transition metals Fe, Cu and Zn are the key elements for life, and their isotope compositions are expected to be a new index to diagnose human diseases. This article reviewed the principle of Fe, Cu and Zn isotopes in medicine, and the research of their application in medical diagnosis. Because Fe isotopes can effectively trace the diseases related to Fe metabolism, Cu isotopes plays an important role in tracing liver disease and cancer, and Zn isotopes can be used as an effective tracer for cancer in secretory organs, these isotopes can be used in medical diagnosis. We hope this study will promote the research and application of metal stable isotopes in medicine and establish the index of metal stable isotope in medical diagnosis. 


Lacustrine Organic Matter Accumulation During Gradually Arid Palaeoclimate in the Late of Middle Jurassic, Northern Qaidam Basin

GUO Wang, CHEN Gang, LI Yuhong, ZHANG Yunpeng, LI Yonghong, DANG Hongliang

2025, 31(02):  200-212.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024007

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In order to clarify the accumulation mechanism of organic matter in shale under the gradually arid palaeoclimate in the Late of Middle Jurassic for Northern Qaidam Basin, this paper systematically analyzed the palaeoclimate characteristics and its relation with the supply and preservation of organic matter by means of organic geochemistry, inorganic geochemistry and mineral composition analysis of shale samples for Seven Member of Dameigou Formation from some wells in Yuqia area. Compared with the lower gray-black shale, the upper gray-brown shale is characterized by higher organic matter content and sapropelic organic matter type. The higher contents of carbonate minerals and Sr/Cu, and the lower palaeoclimate index C value, with wide range, indicate gradually arid palaeoclimate with high frequency fluctuation. Apparent difference of C value for gray-brown shale in lateral direction reflects that the palaeoclimate at the same period is also stable. Lower Al and Ti contents indicate weak input of terrigenous detrital matter. Higher P/Ti and Ba/Al indicate higher palaeoproductivity. Lower Pr/Ph and higher pyrite content indicate more reducing water conditions. Higher Sr/Ba and mostly high gammacerane index reflect water salinization of the lake and water stratification in most areas. Based on the above proxies, it can be concluded that a certain degree of arid palaeoclimate is favorable to the decrease of terrigenous matter input, the increase of palaeoproductivity, the enhancement of water reducibility and salinity, and the stratification of most areas, which can facilitate sapropelic organic matter accumulation.

Deformation Characteristics and Structural Significance of the Middle Qiulitage Structural Belt in the Kuqa Depression: Based on Field Investigation and Structural Interpretaion of Seismic Profiles

ZHANG Zhixin, WU Zhenyun, DENG Hanxiao, WANG Wei, WANG Hongyan, HE Wanhui, LI Huixin, MAO Keyi, DONG Shaochun, YIN Hongwei

2025, 31(02):  213-228.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024050

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The middle Qiulitage structural belt (Zhongqiu belt) in the Kuqa Depression is located in the overlapping area of the Kumugeliemu (K1-2 km) salt and Jidike (N1 j) salt. Divided by the Yanshui river of the Zhongqiu belt, significant differences in structural deformation styles are presented on the eastern and western sides, inferred that there are structural transformation characteristics. Based on field geological investigations and structural interpretation of seismic profiles, the structural characteristics of the Zhongqiu belt are analyzed in detail, and the structural transformation characteristics of the Zhongqiu belt are further determined, and the differentiated structural transformation mechanism between the suprasalt and subsalt strata is clarified. The results show that the suprasalt strata in the Zhongqiu belt experienced two stages of structural evolution. The first stage was dominated by folding deformation from the end of the Kangcun Formation (N1k) to the early Kuqa Formation (N2k), primarily forming the Kuqa-Tawu anticline and southern Qiulitage anticline arranged in an offset pattern in the Zhongqiu belt. The second stage was primarily dominated by thrust faulting from the early N2k to the Quaternary. Under the effect of fault activities, the anticlines were further uplifted and deformed, gradually forming the front zone, uplift zone, torsional core zone, and gentle slope zone, distributed sequentially from south to north in the Zhongqiu belt. The structural deformation of the torsional core zone is the most severe, and the different structural styles on the eastern and western sides indicate that strike-slip faults may develop in this zone to release the compression-torsion stress caused by the differential displacement on both sides. The structural transfer model of suprasalt strata in the Zhongqiu belt is characterized as a synthetic type, where displacement is transferred between faults with similar dip angles, leading to features such as twisting and branching of surface folds. The subsalt structural transformation is mainly accomplished by the variation of the extension distance of thrust faults along strike and the variation of fault dip angles. The structural transformations in both suprasalt and subsalt strata are influenced by salt layers. The multi-layer distribution and thickness variations of salt layers in the east-west direction are key factors contributing to the differential development locations of the Kuqa-Tawu anticline and southern Qiulitage anticline. The subsalt faults of the southern Qiulitage anticline extend farther to the south under the control of double salt layers (K1-2km and N1 j salt layers), whereas the subsalt faults of the Kuqa-Tawu anticline, controlled by a single salt layer ( N1 j salt layer), have relatively shorter extension distances. 


Study on the Sanding Mechanism of Dolomite in Central Yunnan

WU Yonghong, XU Hongzhong, HE Xiao, WANG Muwan, WANG Shihua, ZHAO Yongchuan, MI Jian

2025, 31(02):  229-237.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024030

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In order to investigate the effects of structural rupture and dissolution on dolomite sanding in Yuxi section of central Yunnan water diversion project, indoor static dissolution experiments of dolomite under different acid solutions and temperatures were carried out. Further study on the sanding mechanism of dolomite in Yuxi section of central Yunnan water diversion project was conducted by means of SEM, XRD and EDS energy spectrum analysis. The dissolution test results show that crystal structure and temperature of dolomite are the main factors affecting dissolution rates of dolomite, and microstructures of rock samples after dissolution becomes obviously different from that of rock samples with higher degree of sanding and being undissolved. The quantitative analysis of the microstructure of PCAS software reveals that the closer the rock sample is to the fault, the more seriously broken the rock sample becomes, and the higher the probability entropy, the higher fractal dimension and apparent porosity. The results of XRD and EDS spectra show that the mineral composition of dolomite samples with different degrees of sanding does not change obviously. For the study of regional sandy dolomite strata, dissolution is not the main factor of sanding, but tectonic fracture is the main controlling factor of dolomite sanding.

Application of HydroSHEDS Dataset in Climate Change and Biodiversity Evolution

HOU Zixi, ZHENG Dongyu, XIANG Fang, BAI Jie, CHEN Anqing, MA Chao, HOU Mingcai

2025, 31(02):  238-254.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024023

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Climate and biodiversity changes affect the environment, and they are also the consequences of environmental change. The HydroSHEDS dataset is a multi-source of global natural-human dataset that is based on basic hydrological information from basins, which forms a nested basin dataset with 12 levels. This dataset provides valuable support for studying how environmental characteristics of basins impact climate change and species distribution. The study investigates the content and application examples of the dataset, and then summarizes the research significance of the HydroSHEDS dataset for climate changes and biodiversity evolution in modern and Quaternary. The results indicate that: (1) HydroSHEDS v1 contains basic global basin information, including flow directions, flow accumulation, and river networks. It incorporates 6 categories (hydrology, physiography, climate, soil & geology, land cover & use, and anthropogenic influences) which comprise 56 variables, a total of 281 attributes on a global scale. (2) By utilizing the fundamental or core data of HydroSHEDS, modern and deep-time climate change research can be conducted, including investigating the impacts of climate changes on other components of the surface system by model simulating, calculating the relationship between basin attribute characteristics and the changes of greenhouse gas concentrations, and the quantitative assessment of proxy data to improve the reconstruction of precipitation and evaporation within the climate model. (3) By directly overlaying or integrated weighting analysis, the environmental attributes of HydroSHEDS dataset could analyze the impacts on species habitats or actual ranges, and simulate their potential distributions in the present and future. (4) Although HydroSHEDS can be used as a prerequisite for the analysis and application of surface systems, the timeliness and sequence of the environmental attribute information recorded by this dataset are not emphasized, rendering this dataset as suitable auxiliary data in time series research. Enriching the time series data of HydroSHEDS is expected to provide valuable support for predicting future climate change and biodiversity evolution and deep-time research.

The Performance Differences of Collogen Adsorption by Minerals and the Environmental Implications

XIE Xinyue, CHEN Yan, ZHOU Yuefei, KAN Libo, DU Mengmeng, XIE Qiaoqin, CHEN Tianhu

2025, 31(02):  255-262.  DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024016

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Collogens in the pseudopodia and organic matters in the shell of the agglutinated foraminifera play key roles in the capturing and preserving of special detrital minerals. However, the relative mechanism and environmental implications are still not well understood. In this study, adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency, thermodynamics, kinetics, the effect of solution pH on the adsorption of collogen, and the effect of adsorbed collogen on the adsorption of heavy metals by minerals, were conducted. Results showed that the equilibrium time of collogen adsorption by quartz and albite is 25 h, while that by rutile is about 12 h. The adsorption can be described by the quasi-second-order dynamics equation for all the three minerals. As for adsorption thermodynamics, quartz and albite are more in line with the Freundlich equation, while rutile is in line with the Langmuir equation. The order of the maximum adsorption capacity for three minerals is rutile>albite>quartz. At pH=3.0, both albite and rutile obtain respective maximum collogen adsorption capacity; while for quartz, the adsorption capacity is unrelated to the solution pH. Generally, the immobilization abilities of Zn and Cu by three minerals are enhanced after the modification of mineral surface by the adsorbed collogen. The results indicated that the agglutinated foraminifera can achieve the targets of selectively capturing and locking minerals through decreasing pH, and the effect of organic matters should be considered when the foraminifera shells are introduced for tracing the heavy metal concentrations.