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    Overview of the Application and Prospect of Common Chemical Weathering Indices
    LI Xulong, ZHANG Xia, LIN Chunming, HUANG Shuya, LI Xin
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2022, 28 (1): 51-63.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2020118
    Abstract5328)      PDF (1109KB)(5889)       Save
    Common chemical weathering indices such as the Weathering Index of Parker (WIP), the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), the Index of Compositional Variability (ICV), CIX index and αAlE are often used to evaluate the chemical weathering intensity of source areas. But the factors which controlling the above chemical weathering indices should be considered, otherwise the results of the weathering evaluation will be distorted. This paper argues that the geological survey of source area should be known when chemical weathering indices are used to study the chemical weathering process. The selection of fine sediments or suspended matter can weaken the influence of grain size on chemical weathering indices. The impurities in the sediments are removed by acid treatment. Then, the Sc/Th-CIA diagram was used to reflect the material source information, Th/SC-Zr/Sc diagram was used to further distinguish the control effect of sedimentary differentiation and sedimentary recirculation, and then the samples with ICV value less than 1 were selected to eliminate the interference of recirculation. The A-CN-K diagram or the formula proposed by Panahi (2000) were used to correct the potassium metasomatism, and the strength of chemical weathering of source rocks was evaluated by CIA eventually. To ensure that the calculation of chemical weathering indices can accurately reflect the weathering situation of the source area, SPSS software can be used to analyze the proportion of some factors which affecting the CIA to construct characteristic weathering index of the study area.
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    Zircon Geochronology, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Granite from the
    Baimianshi Uranium Ore District in the Southern Jiangxi Province
    DONG Chen-Yang, ZHAO Kui-Dong, JIANG Shao-Yong, CHEN Wei-Feng, CHEN Pei-Rong, LING Hong-Fei, YANG Shui-Yuan
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 149-160.  
    Abstract4582)      PDF (1545KB)(3287)       Save

    The Baimianshi uranium ore district is an important volcanic-hosted uranium district in South China. The uranium ore bodies occur in basalts and sandstones in the Baimianshi volcanic-sedimentary basin. The basement of the basin is composed of the Baimianshi granite and the Xunwu metamorphic rocks. Previous studies indicated that the Baimianshi granite provided uranium for the mineralization. In this study, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from the Baimianshi granite was made showing an emplacement age of (241±7) Ma. The Baimianshi granite is a medium-fine grained two-mica granite, characterized by high SiO2 contents (71.99%-73.82%), with high A/CNK ratios (1.15-1.28). It is enriched in Rb, Th, Ta and depleted in Sr, Ba, Ti and Eu, and characterized by variable REE contents with LREE enrichment and obvious Eu depletion. The Baimianshi granite has relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.71162—0.71613) and low εNd(t) values (-13.9 — -12.2). Two-stage Nd isotopic model ages vary from 2.01 Ga to 2.15 Ga. Its magmatic zircons have low εHf(t) values (-15.1—-11.9), with Hf model ages of from 2.01 Ga to 2.21 Ga, which are similar to the Nd model ages. Petrography and geochemistry indicate that the Baimianshi granite belongs to strongly peraluminous S-type. Combined with geochronology and isotope compositions, it is thus considered that the Baimianshi granite might be derived from partial melting of the metamorphic rocks similar to the Taoxi Group. The geochemical characteristics of the Baimianshi granite are similar to those of other uranium-bearing granites in South China. Multi-stage metamorphism and re-melting resulted in uranium enrichment in granites. Later hydrothermal fluid activity associated with crustal extension might have leached U from the granite to form the Baimianshi U deposit.

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    Study on Fluid Inclusions of the Dayinjian Mo Deposit in Xinxian County,
    Henan Province, China
    LI Hong-chao, XU Zhao-wen, LU Xian-cai, Wang Xu-dong, CHEN Wei, ZHAI Dong-xin
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 236-246.  
    Abstract4441)      PDF (1400KB)(3269)       Save

    The Dayinjian Mo deposit, as an important deposit in the Dabieshan Mo-polymetallic belt, has genetic links to monzogranite intrusion of Late Yanshanian, and has attracted extensive attention for great progress in recent exploration. Based on the petrography and microthermometry of fluid inclusions in the quartz veins formed in main mineralization stage, 4 types of primary fluid inclusions were identified, including: (1) aqueous-rich two-phase inclusions (L-type), (2) vapor-rich two-phase inclusions (V-type), (3) daughter mineral-bearing three-phase inclusion (S-type) and (4) CO2-bearing three-phase inclusions (C-type), The analysis results indicate that two main homogenization temperatures present at 280~320 ℃ and 200~220 ℃, respectively, while the salinities range in two intervals of 5.11%~9.98% (NaCleq) and 36.06%~42.78%(NaCleq), respectively. The densities of the trapped fluids vary from 0.91 g/cm3 to 1.10 g/cm3. Raman spectra of the inclusions indicate that water vapor is the dominant component with minor amount of CO2 (possibly a little N2 in some cases) in the gasous phase of the inclusions. The typical shift in oxygen isotope compositions suggests a mixing event between magmatic and meteoric water. In summary, the deposit is an intermediate-high temperature epithermal deposit, and the fluid mixing plays crucially significant roles in the mineralization.

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    Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Hf Isotopic Compositions of Hehuaping Granite Porphyry, Southern Hunan Province, and its Geological Significance
    ZHANG Rong-qing LU Jian-jun ZHU Jin-chu YAO Yuan
    J4    2010, 16 (4): 436-447.  
    Abstract4398)      PDF (3756KB)(2955)       Save

    The Hehuaping granite porphyry  is  located  to  the southeast of Wangxianling granite and  there are cassiterite-sulfide type, porphyry type and altered fragmented-rock type tin deposits related to granite porphyry. Zircon LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb age for granite porphyry is 154~156 Ma, with a weighted mean age of (154.7±0.5) Ma (MSWD=0.085, n=21), which suggests an early Yanshanian emplacement. The  in situ Hf  isotope analysis reveals 176Hf/177Hf ratios  from 0.282403  to 0.282597,and ε Hf ( t )  from -2.84 to -10.14 (peak value around -6.5), and the two stage Hf model ages ( tDM2) ranging from 1.38 Ga to 1.84 Ga (peak value around 1.55 Ga),which indicates that its parental magma was derived from the mixed sources of the lower crust and mantle. Based
    on several age data of inherited zircons from the tin-bearing granites in the neighbouring Nanling Range, it can be concluded that
    the granitoids related to tin deposits were mainly products of remelting of the Mesoproterozoic basement rocks

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    Zircon U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotopic Compositions of Porphyrites from
    the Ningwu Basin and Their Geological Implications
    HU Jin-ping, JIANG Shao-yong
    J4    2010, 16 (3): 294-308.  
    Abstract4133)      PDF (4325KB)(3515)       Save

    Ningwu volcanic basin is one of the most important basins related to mineral deposits in middle-lower reaches of the
    Yangtze River belt. Four volcanic units occur in the basin, in an ascending order, the Longwangshan Formation, the Dawangshan
    Formation, the Gushan Foramtion and the Niangniangshan Formation, with some high-level sub-volcanic igneous rocks intruding
    them. Detailed zircon U-Pb dating and Hf  isotopic composition measurement were performed on  the host  rocks  (gabbro-diorite
    porphyrites) of  the Washan  iron deposit. The zircon U-Pb ages of  three samples are  (123±1) Ma,  (127±3) Ma and  (125±2)
    Ma, respectively.Together with previously published precise zircon U-Pb dating results for volcanic rocks (127 to 131Ma), these
    results have placed a better constraint on  the magmatic and mineralization activity duration of  the Ningwu volcanic basin. The
    zircons  from  the Ningwu porphyrites have εHf
    ( t ) values  from -6.3  to -8.6. Together with other available geochemical data,  the
    Hf  isotope data  indicate  that  the Ningwu porphyrites may have derived  from upwelling depleted asthenospheric mantle mixed
    with enriched mantle and crust, which was controlled by the extensive lithosphere extension at around 125 Ma. The lower εHf(t)
    values and slightly younger ages of  the gabbro-diorite porphyrites  than  their hosting volcanic  rocks may  indicate more crust
    material involvement in the porphyrite petrogenesis.

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    Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating of the Buried Granodiorite and
    Muscovite 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Mineralization and Geological Implications
    of Meiziwo Tungsten Deposit, Northern Guangdong Province, China
    ZHI Wei, SUN Xiao-ming, WU Yun-shan, SUN Yan, HUA Ren-min, YANG Yong-qiang, LI Wen-qian, LI She-hong
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 177-185.  
    Abstract4129)      PDF (843KB)(2676)       Save

    The Meiziwo tungsten deposit is located in eastern part of Yaoling-Meiziwo tungsten mineralization zone, northern Guangdong province. The 40Ar/39Ar age of muscovite formed in syn-mineralization period is (155.9±0.6) Ma, consistent with large scale tungsten and tin mineralization in the Mesozoic Yanshanian period in South China. This date represents the mineralization age of the Meiziwo tungsten deposit. The zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of biotite granodiorite body, occurring at about 600 m level in the lower part of the mine, is (430.4±3.6) Ma. This age suggests that the granodiorite body formed in the Caledonian period has no genetic relation to the tungsten mineralization. Our new data disagree with the previously proposed model for the tungsten mineralization, i.e., two times of “five-story”mineralization overprinted each other in this deposit. The ages of the mineralization and granodiorite indicate that the formation of Meiziwo tungsten deposit may be related to an Yanshanian granite buried in a deeper level, and therefore, we expect that the ore bodies might have a larger extension in depth.

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    Igneous Petrotectonic Assemblages and Tectonic Settings: A Discussion
    DENG Jin-fu1, 2,XIAO Qing-hui 1, 2,SU Shang-guo1, 2,LIU Cui1,ZHAO Guo-chun1,WU Zong-xu1,LIU Yong1,2
    J4   
    Abstract4010)      PDF (962KB)(4224)       Save
    This paper discusses igneous petrotectonic assemblages of various tectonic settings: 1. mid–ocean ridge spreading; 2. oceanic island; 3. island arc; 4. MORS–type and SSZ–type ophiolites; 5. active coutineutal marginal arc; 6.compositional polarity of subduction–related magmatic arcs; 7. continental collision; 8. continental rift; 9. stable craton or platform, etc. It is emphasized that the tholeiitic ( TH ), calc–alkaline ( CA ) and alkaline ( A ) series defined from various parameters by different authors have different scientific meanings. In this paper it is indicated that the same written terms of TH, CA and A but with various meanings could easily result in abuse of these terms, especially for the recognition of the tectonic settings. The difference between MORS – and SSZ –type ophiolites in terms of igneous petrotectonic assemblages is discussed. The lowest MgOwt% of the HMA is suggested ( Table 2 ), based on the data of petrological experiments. The terms of magnesian andesite–dacite and adakite are discussed, and in turn, the Kay's magnesian andesite–dacite of higher Sr/Y, lower FeO/MgO, and higher MgOwt% as well as higher Ni, Cr contents, are comprehensively used, which can be more satisfactory to define the slab–melt, rather than the single parameter of high Sr/Y. The various schemes of classification for the continental collision are indicated, and it is necessary to be careful for using these schemes. The post–orogenic and the continental rifting A type granites are suggested to be associated with or without the CA/r, respectively, and the meaning of A and CA, here, is determined by the Peacock's alkali–lime index.
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    Cited: Baidu(89)
    Early Yanshanian NE Trending Sn/W-Bearing A-Type Granites in the Western-Middle Part of the Nanling Mts Region
    ZHU Jin-chu,CHEN Jun,WANG Ru-cheng,LU Jian-jun,XIE Lei
    J4   
    Abstract3955)      PDF (754KB)(3159)       Save
    In the western-middle part of the Nanling Mountains region there develops an Early Yanshanian (Jurassic) Sn/W bearing A-type granite belt. It is composed of Huashan, Guposhan, Jiuyishan and Qitianling granite batholiths and nearby granite stocks. This belt extends in a NE direction for more than 250 km. The total exposure area is over 3000 km2. These granitic bodies are usually multiple phased intrusions. The emplacement ages of their major phases are in the range of 165 ~153 Ma. The contemporaneous igneous rocks of intermediate composition (diorite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite), acidic extrusive rocks and mafic microgranular enclaves with mingling character are very common. The major phase granites are mostly porphyritic biotite granite, sometimes contain hornblende. They are acidic to ultra-acidic, weakly metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, rich in K2O and total alkalis, rich in LILE and HFSE such as Rb, Cs, U, Th, LREE, Y, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ga, as well as Sn, W etc. oreforming elements and F, Cl etc. volatile elements. On the discrimination diagrams of Whalen et al (1987) they are plotted in the A-type granite field. Their ISr values vary in the range of 0.7063~0.7182, εNd(t) values in the range of -1.7 ~ -8.0, t2DM values in the range of 1.1 ~ 1.6 Ga, which indicates that different proportions of mantle component were involved in their source materials, especially for the Huashan and Guposhan granites. These granite bodies are usually strongly fractionated. The emplacement ages of the later phase (or the additional phase) fine-grained granites are in the range of 146 ~151 Ma. Compared with the major phase, they are more ultra-acidic, per-aluminous, more enriched in Rb, Cs, U, Y, Sn, W etc. trace elements, but more depleted in LREE and Zr etc. HFSE. Petrochemically, they are close to the S-type granites. The Sn/W etc. mineralizations were found throughout the whole process of granite emplacement and evolution, beginning from the major intrusive phase, through the additional intrusive phase, up to the post-magmatic hydrothermal stage. The mineralization types are various, including skarn type, greisen type, quartz vein type, Li-F granite type, cassiterite-sulfide type, chloritized and structurally hydrothermal alteration type etc. The large even giant tonnages are not rare. It was generally considered, that the Sn/W mineralizations are usually related with the S-type granites. Establishment of Sn/W bearing A-type granite in Nanling Mts region provides important evidence for close relationship of Sn/W deposits with A-type granites. It is also significant in exploring the new Sn/W deposits in South China and worldwide. The Early Yanshanian post-orogenic extensional and thinning tectonic environment, upwelling of asthenospheric mantle and underplating of mantle mafic magma, crust-mantle interaction, high temperature melting of the lower crust, fractional crystallization and differentiation of granitic magmas, hydrothermal filling and alteration, these are key factors for rock-forming and ore-forming processes in the Nanling Mts. region.
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    Origin and Tectonic Setting of the Early Mesozoic Granitoids in Qinling Orogenic Belt
    ZHANG Cheng-li1, WANG Tao2, WANG Xiao-xia3
    J4   
    Abstract3923)      PDF (1737KB)(3154)       Save
    The Early Mesozoic granitoids in Qinling Mts are characterized by the metaluminous to peraluminous and moderateto high-K calc-alkaline rocks with enrichment in LILE and LREE and poorness in HFSE, as well as relative depletion in Nb and Ta, showing the geochemical features similar to those of post-collisional granitoids. Some of them are adakite-like and rapakivitextured granitoids. The adakite-like granitoids display high Sr and low Y contents, and rapakivi-textured granitoids show transitional geochemical characters from I- to A-type granites. The structure and geochemistry of these granitic intrusions, together with the bimodal features of the coeval lamprophyres and mafic dykes, suggest that the Early Mesozoic granitoids in Qinling Mts region were formed in a post-collisional setting. The early adakite-like granitoids were formed under the thickened crust during the early post-collision period. The large numbers of normal massive granitoids were produced under the crustal extension environment after delamination in Qinling Mts region, and the occurrence of rapakivi-textured and high differentiated granitoids indicates that Qinling region had evolved into the late stage of post-collisional environment.
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    Cited: Baidu(202)
    SHRIMP U-Pb Dating of Zircons from the Late Mesozoic Basalts in Eastern
    Zhejiang Province and Its Geological Significance
    CUI Yu-rong, XIE Zhi, CHEN Jiang-feng, YU Yun-wen, HU Li-hai
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 198-212.  
    Abstract3874)      PDF (2058KB)(3042)       Save

    The zircon U-Pb ages were dated by SHRIMP method for eight basaltic rocks occurred in the eastern area of Zhejiang Province,which were erupted during the Late Mesozoic and named as Lower and Upper rock series (LRS & URS). The weighted average 206Pb/238U age of the basalts from LRS is (120±1) Ma with Th/U ratios ranging from 0.65 to 2.44. The weighted average 206Pb/238U age of the basalts from URS is (103±2) Ma, with Th/U ratios ranging from 0.57 to 3.03. These data suggest that the zircons from both rock series are of magmatic origin and represent the formation times of the basalts of LRS and URS. Thus, it can be concluded that the formation time of the URS and LRS is significantly different, and the age data are consistent with the previous researches. It can also be found that most of the zircons from the LRS basalts have a relatively homogeneous ages with only a few ancient zircon relicts, which indicates that they have little crustal contamination during petrogenesis. Some zircon grains show core-rim structure with a core age of about 132 Ma and a rim age of about 120 Ma, which may indicate that the inherited grains were captured from the magma source, and imply that there exist magmatic rocks formed at about 130 Ma in the mantle or mantle-crustal boundary during the LRS magma activity. The magmatic zircons from URS basalts are very few, many detrital grains were dated with the ages covering almost all of the magmatic events in the South China block. It is suggested that the URS basaltic rocks were contaminated by clastic rocks which contained the detrital grains with different ages.

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    Crustal Recycling and Genesis of Continental Alkaline Basalts: Case Study of the Cenozoic Alkaline Basalts From Shandong Province, Eastern China
    CHEN Lihui, ZENG Gang, HU Senlin, YU Xun, CHEN Xiayu
    J4    2012, 18 (1): 16-27.  
    Abstract3773)      PDF (668KB)(2473)       Save

             Geochemically, continental alkaline basalts are similar to those oceanic island basalts, and are viewed as the representative of intraplate basalts in continents. Here we provide a case study of the Cenozoic basalts in Shandong Province,eastern China, to discuss the genesis of continental basalts. Spatially, the Cenozoic basalts can be divided into two kinds, the early three parallel volcanic belts and the late small and isolated volcanoes. The three belts including the Weifang belt and the Yishui belt in western Shandong, and the Penglai belt in eastern Shandong are less alkaline and are mainly composed of alkali olivine basalts and basanites, which show broad ranges of incompatible element ratios and isotopic values. The small and isolated volcanoes are more alkaline and are mainly composed of basanites and nephenilites, which are more homogenous in incompatible element ratios and isotopic values. Therefore, compared with oceanic island basalts, the parallel volcanic belts in Shandong can be regarded as shield-building stage basalts, while the small and isolated volcanoes correspond to the posterosional or rejuvenescent basalts. On the isotopic plots of Sr vs. Nd and Nd vs. Hf, both the Weifang belt and the Yishui belt show a two-endmember mixing array. However, there is minor difference of the enriched endmembers of these two arrays. The enriched endmembers are characterized by smaller Ce/Pb and elevated Ba/Th ratios, suggesting a signature of lower continental crust. However, such materials have much lower Th/La ratios and have excess radiogenic Hf contents relative to radiogenic Nd. Such geochemical signatures cannot be produced by assimilation of lower continental crust but by recycled lower continental crust (eclogite or garnet pyroxenite), which had undergone early melting in the mantle. The different arrays in isotopic plots of the two belts are alike those of the KEA chain and the LOA chain of Hawaii islands. Therefore, we propose that the parallel volcanic belts of Shandong be attributed to the plume activity and the recycled lower continental crust be important components of the plume. Geochemically,basanites and nepheninites of the late small and isolated volcanoes share many signatures with the carbonatite, e.g. the depletion of K, Pb, Zr, Hf, Ti in the primitive mantle-normalized grams. Therefore, we conclude that their mantle sources have been carbonated recently. The moderately depleted Sr, Nd, Hf isotopic compositions of these alkaline rocks indicate that the carbonated liquids might be derived from recycled young (Mesozoic?) oceanic crust.

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    Cited: Baidu(20)
    Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Characteristics of Granitoids in the Gangdese, Tibet and Implication for Crustal Growth and Evolution
    MO Xuan-xue1 2, DONG Guo-chen2, ZHAO Zhi-dan1 2, ZHOU Su1 2, WANG Liang-liang2, QIU Rui-zhao3, ZHANG Feng-qin2
    J4   
    Abstract3755)      PDF (3336KB)(1406)       Save
    Granites are important components in the continents, and also closely related to mineral resources. Granites take c. 12% of the total area of Tibetan territory and about 80% (in area) of them are distributed in the Gangdese magmatic belt. Spatially, the Gangdese granitoid belt consists of three zones, i. e. , north, middle and south zones, as a result of the evolution of Neo-Tethyan Bangong Co-Nujiang ocean and Yarlung Zangbo Ocean. Temporally, the tectono-magmatie events in the Tibetan Plateau and the Gangdese can be divided into three stages: Pre-collisional ( 〉65 Ma), syn-collisional (65 -45 Ma) and post-collisional ( 〈 45Ma). Nd and Sr isotopes of granitoids in the Gangdese provide a hint for understanding the crust growth and evolution. Most of granites in southern Gangdese have positive values of εNd (t) ( + 1. 64 - + 5.21 ) and young Nd model ages tDM ( 〈500 Ma), showing characteristics of the juvenile crust. It implies that the mantle material played a significant role in granite petrogenesis. Granites in middle and northern Gangdese, however, are characterized by negative εNd(t) ( -5.3 - - 17.3) and relatively older tDM, 1. 2 Ga and 2.0 - 2.5 Ga, implying a Neo- and Paleo-Proterozoic basement. Crustal material played a major role in granite petrogenesis for the latter case.
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    Petrological and Geochemical Studies on the Intermediate-Basic Volcanic Rocks from the Middle-South Part of the Da Hinggan Mountains
    Lü Zhi-cheng1 2, DUAN Guo-zheng3, HAO Li-bo3, LI Dian-chao3, PAN Jun3, WU Feng-chang2
    J4   
    Abstract3732)      PDF (3096KB)(1218)       Save
    The petrogenesis and tectonic background of Mesozoic volcanic rocks from the middle-south part of the Da Hinggan Mountains are closely related to the late stage evolution of the Southem Mongolia-Da Hinggan Mountains orogenic belt and to the genesis of copper-polymetallic deposits.Based on detailed fieldwork,petrological and geochemical studies on volcanic rocks have been carried on.The results show that the volcanic rocks,including basaltic trachyte,trachyandesite,trachyte and dacite,belong to cale-alkaline series.In major elements they are enriched in Si02,Na20 and K20,and depleted in Fe203,FeO,MgO and CaO;and in trace elements they are enriched in lithophile elements,and depleted in siderophile elements and Nb,Ta,Ti etc.In REE patterns they are generally LREE enriched,(87Sr/86Sr)t ratios are 0.7045~0.7077,mostly 0.7045~0.7055,and most of εNd(t)values are positive.The results suggest that partial melting of upper mantle in different degrees Was the major mechanism for generation of the volcanic rocks in the middle-south part of the Da Hingan Mountains。and the volcanic rocks were developed in the tensional tectonic setting.The Mesozoic volcanic activity was a response to the extension caused by upwelling of mantle plume of asthenosphere during the post-orogenic period of the Tianshan-Da Hingan Mountains belt,to the post-orogenic extension background of the Inner Mongolia-Jihei orogenic belt,and to compression background caused by closure of Mongolia-Okhotsk residual ocean in a scissors form.
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    Cited: Baidu(26)
    Recognizing the TTG Rock Types: Discussion and Suggestion
    FENG Yan-Fang, DENG Jin-Fu, XIAO Qing-Hui, XING Guang-Fu, SU Shang-Guo, CUI Xian-Yue, GONG Fan-Ying
    J4    2011, 17 (3): 406-.  
    Abstract3723)      PDF (667KB)(3508)       Save

            This paper briefly describes and compares  two  international classifications of  the  rock  types of TTG series:the Le Maitre’s QAP modal classification based on accurate mineral modes, and  the O’Connor's An-Ab-Or normative classification when the Q-norm is>10%. Both modal and normative classifications are generally consistent with each other. The field 5 of the QAP is called tonalite as the root name. It includes trondhjemite and plagiogranite (adopted by part of the USSR geologists). The latter may be called as    light-coloured  (M≤10)  tonalite. However,  the  tonalite and  trondhjemite can be directly determined by using  the An-Ab-Or normative classification. Based on  the comparison between  the Le Maitre’s QAP modal classification and some Chinese modified QAP modal classifications, and paying attention  to some examples  for  recognizing  the TTG  rock  types using O’Connor’s An-Ab-Or normative classification by  the authors, several suggestions are proposed here as  follows:  (1) The Le Maitre’s QAP modal classification may be used for recognition of the TTG rock types, when the accurate mineral modes are available, and then the procedure is necessary to be determined whether these rock types are tonalite or trondhjemite using the M indexes. When the chemical data are available but the accurate modes are lacking, the O’Connor’s normative classification may be used. When both the accurate mineral modes and the chemical data are available, both classifications may be used for a better recognition of  the TTG  rock  types;  (2)  In  terms of widespread utilization of  the O’Connor’s classification  for  the Archean grey gneiss and granite-greenstone belt, and for some Phanerozoic magmatic arcs, a suggestion of using the O’Connor’s classification for  the orogenic belts  in China may be helpful  for  recognizing  the TTG  rock  types;  (3) A unified classification  is needed  for regional  igneous petrological  investigations, particularly  in China, because of  large available chemical data rather  than accurate mineral modes, then the O’Connor’s normative classification may be suggested; (4) The O’Connor’s classification  is actually a chemical classification, which is good for a comparison between the intrusive and volcanic rocks, as well as between the igneous rocks and  the experimental melts. Finally, a  two-step  recognition procedure  is suggested: Firstly, use  the TAS classification by Middlemost to discriminate the felsic rocks; and second, use the O’Connor’s An-Ab-Or normative classification for recognition of TTG rock types.

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    Cited: Baidu(11)
    Petrogenesis of Indosinian High Ba-Sr Granites in Laoniushan Batholith, Shaanxi Province and Their Tectonic Implications
    Wang Yanfen, Shao Yi, Jiang Shaoyong, Zhang Zunzhong, Hu Jian, Xiao E, Dal Baozh
    J4    2012, 18 (1): 133-149.  
    Abstract3718)      PDF (5683KB)(2293)       Save

           The Laoniushan complex granitic batholith occurs in Xiaoqinling orogen along the southern margin of the North China
    Craton. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yields an age of 207.9±0.72 Ma for the Kangping pluton, which is the early-stage
    granites in Laoniushan batholith, indicating that they were generated from the Early Mesozoic magmatism. These granites are characterized by metaluminous, high silica and total alkalinity with high FeO*/(FeO*+MgO) ratios, LILEs (especially Sr and Ba) and LREEs, low HREEs and Y contents, and insignificant Eu anomalies, similar to the high Ba-Sr granites. In comparison to the typical slab-derived adakites, the Kangping granites have low compatible elements (such as Cr, Ni) and high K2O contents with high-K calc-alkaline features, and display insignificant fractionation of HREEs. During the diagenetic processes, the geochemical behaviors of these granites were mainly constrained by the fractional crystallization of amphibole (clinopyroxene), plagioclase (K-feldspar), and minor garnet. Element and isotope compositions suggest that the sources of the Kangping granites in Laoniushan complex batholith are the mixture of the ancient basement materials of Taihua Group and small amounts of enriched lithospheric mantle metasomatised by fluid/melt that was derived from pelagic sediments-bearing subducted slab. These granites were generated by partial melting of the lowest part of the crust due to the subducted slab break-off during the post-collision extensional stage of the continental collision and orogenic processes.

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    Cited: Baidu(12)
    Relationship between Reservoir Properties and Chlorite Rims: A Case Studyfrom Yanchang Formation of South Ordos Basin, North China
    DING Xiao-qi, ZHANG Shao-nan, Ge Peng-li, WANG You-li
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 247-254.  
    Abstract3717)      PDF (4390KB)(2621)       Save

    The chlorite rims are frequently observed in clastic successions. Their content and

    occurrence may heavily influence the reservoir properties. By using thin section determination and

    SEM, BSE, EDX analyses, we studied occurrence, timing, mechanism of generation and contribution to

    porosity preservation for the samples from Yanchang Formation, South Ordos basin. The results show:

    (1) There exists a spatial coupling of chlorite development with the brackish water delta front

    facies depositional environment and the biotite-rich arkosic sandstone; (2) The formation timing of

    chlorite is not earlier than the initial compaction stage, but not later than the appearance of

    authigenic quartz; (3) Formation of chlorite rims could change the porosity micro-environment and

    prevent growth of authigenic quartz on the detrital quartz surface; (4) The intercrystalline pores

    in chlorite rims are of limited value for petroleum storage, but can somehow contribute to the

    reservoirs as pathways for acidic fluids circulation;
    (5) The constructive diagenetic role of chlorite rims is their weakening effect for the overburden

    stress and restricting effect for the autigenic quartz growth in certain degree.

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    Cited: Baidu(35)
    Study on Geochronological, Geochemical Features and Genesis of the Fufang
    Granitic Pluton in the Jiangxi Province, South China
    ZHANG Fang-Rong, SHU Liang-Shu, WANG De-Zi, SHEN Wei-Zhou, YU Jin-Hai, XIE Lei
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 161-176.  
    Abstract3675)      PDF (6256KB)(2935)       Save

    The Fufang granitoid pluton, outcroped in the middle part of Wuyi Mountain area, is a typical Early Paleozoic pluton in the eastern segment of South China. Based on large amount of geological data during regional geological survey, the authors carried out a systematic study on petrography, geochemistry and LA-ICM-MS zircon U-Pb dating for the Fufang pluton. This pluton is mainly composed of monzogranite, granodiorite and in less amount tonalite containing Al-rich mineral, such as garnet and sillimanite. The A/CNK values are 0.99~1.14, categorized as weakly peraluminous and strong peraluminous. In trace elements, the Fufang pluton is enriched in LILE Rb, Th, Cs and rare earth elements La, Ce, Nd, and depleted in Ba, Sr, Ta, P, Ti. Thus, the Fufang pluton is a low Ba-Sr granite on the whole. The Rb / Sr and Rb / Nb ratios are 0.56~1.19 (everaging 0.92) and
    6.85 ~25.18 (everaging 15.43), respectively, higher than the average values of the upper crust in eastern China and the world. The Fufang pluton has a higher ∑REE with LREE enrichment. Their distribution patterns are clearly right-wing type with relatively clear Eu depletion (δEu = 0.44~0.61, averaging 0.53). The emplacement ages of the pluton obtained for zircons from 1 sample of granodiorite and 2 samples of monzogranite are ( 443.9 ± 3.5) Ma (MSWD = 1.09) , (443.1 ± 4.6) Ma (MSWD = 0.25) and (433.6±3.9) Ma (MSWD = 0.61), respectively. The first two sets of data are consistent ages within error range which shows that they were resulted from the differentiation and evolution of a co-magmatic chamber. The later one is obviously later and belongs to the later stage of the Early Paleozoic. The research results show that the Fufang pluton is of S-type granite, derived from the continental crust by lower degree of partial melting and its source rocks were mainly composed of pelitic sandstone rocks. The formation was probably linked with the collision between the fragments of Cathaysia Old Land and Yangtze block or collision among the fragments of Cathaysia Old Land. The earlier granitoids of Fufang pluton were syn-orogenic, formed in a compression environment, while the later granitoids were origined in a post-orogenic extension environment.

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    Chemical Weathering Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Ili Loess, Xinjiang
    LI Chuan-xiang, SONG You-gui
    J4    2011, 17 (4): 611-619.  
    Abstract3630)      PDF (853KB)(2547)       Save

    The element distribution characteristics and chemical weathering intensity of the loess and paleosol at the Zhaosu
    section in the Ili Basin are preliminarily studied through element geochemical analysis. Through comparing with the type
    Luochuan loess-palesol section of the Quaternary aeolian deposit in the Loess Plateau, we draw the following conclusions. The
    contents of major elements in the loess and paleosol at the Zhaosu section in the Ili region show similar variations,which indicate that both of them experienced the similar degree of chemical weathering after deposition. Major elements have the same changing trend as that of the Loess Plateau, with enriched CaO and MgO and depleted Na2O and P2O5. CIA index, Na/K ratio and A-CN-K diagrams all indicate that the Ili loess and paleosol experienced weaker chemical weathering than that in the Loess Plateau. Furthermore, there is no obvious chemical weathering differentiation between loess and paleosol. The climate conditions such as hydro-thermal combination (precipitation, temperature and evaporation, etc.) may play an important role in chemical weathering of loess and paleosol in the Ili basin.

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    Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Mesozoic Ore Deposits in South China and Their Metallogenic Settings
    MAO Jing-wen1, XIE Gui-qing1, GUO Chun-li1, YUAN Shun-da1, CHENG Yan-bo2, CHEN Yu-chuan1
    J4   
    Abstract3584)      PDF (5028KB)(5543)       Save
    Based on extensive field investigation and precise geochronological data we proposed Mesozoic metallic mineralization in South China can be grouped into three pulses, i.e. Late Triassic (230~210 Ma), Mid-Late Jurassic (170~150 Ma), and Early-Middle Cretaceous (134~80Ma). The mineralization elements in these three pulses are different. The Triassic mineralization is Peraluminous granite-related W-Sn-Nb-Ta. The Mid-late Jurassic mineralization can be further divided into 170~160 Ma porphyry and skarn Cu and I-type granite-related Pb-Zn-Ag, and 160~150 Ma paraluminous granite-related polymetallic W-Sn. Although the Cretaceous mineralization lasted about 54 Ma, its peak ranged from 100 Ma to 90 Ma. The major types of the mineralization are epithermal Au-Ag-Cu and granite-related polymetallic tin (tungsten). The Triassic peraluminous granite-related W-Sn-Nb-Ta is a response to the post-collisional process of the South China plate with the North China plate. The Izanagi plate started to subduct beneath the Eurasian continent at ca. 180 Ma and then the porphyry copper deposits and vein type Pb-Zn-Ag deposits and their related I-type granitoids or aidakitic rocks formed when the subducted plate was teared up in several locations at 170~160 Ma.After then a big window occurred in the Nanling area, triggering the asthenospheric substance got into the upper crust so that developed large-scale high fractionation paraluminous granite and related polymetallic W-Sn mineralization. It was a relatively quiet period of 150~135 Ma in South China except for the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley area located in the northeastern margin of the South China plate. Because starting to change motion-direction to northeast the subucted plate was teared up along the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley which used to be a foreland basin of the Triassic Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt. A group of skarn-porphyry Cu-Mo-Au-Fe ore system and related I-type or aidakitic granites developed along the cross of the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley with the NE-trending faults at an age range of 145~135 Ma. From 135 Ma the subducted plate moved along several groups of regional-scale NE-striking fault zones comprising the Tan-Lu fault zone, which trigged the Eurasian continent to extensive extension. At the setting developed a lot of linear NE-trending Cretaceous faulting basins and metamorphic cores accompanied with volcanic rock eruption as well as epithermal Cu-Au-Ag ore system, granite-related polymetallic Sn (W) deposits and hydrothermal uranium deposits at age of 120~80 Ma with a peak of 100~90 Ma.
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    An Overview of the Tectonic Evolution of North Qaidam UHPM Belt: from Oceanic Subduction to Continental Collision
    ZHANG Guibin, ZHANG Lifei, SONG Shuguang
    J4    2012, 18 (1): 28-40.  
    Abstract3510)      PDF (1245KB)(3165)       Save

            The North Qaidam UHPM belt is a typical continental type subduction zone. Coesite inclusions were found from
    eclogite and country gneiss, and diamond inclusion from garnet peridotite. This paper is focused on the progress of petrology,thermobarometry, geochemistry and geochronology studies of Yuka, Luliangshan, Xitieshan and Dulan terranes in the North Qaidam UHPM belt. This belt is unique because subducted oceanic relics prior to the continental subduction and collision are well preserved, Combined with the published data, especially the two protolith sources for eclogites, we conclude that the North Qaidam UHPM belt experienced a tectonic evolution from an oceanic subduction to a continental collision.

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    Geochronology of Youshan and Pingtian Granites in Nanling Rangeand Its Geological Implication
    SUN Li-qiang, LING Hong-fei, SHEN Wei-zhou, HUANG Guo-long, TAN Zheng-zhong
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 186-197.  
    Abstract3481)      PDF (1152KB)(2708)       Save

    In previous studies, the Youshan granite and Pingtian granite located to the east of the Zhuguangshan composite granite body in Nanling Range were considered being formed in the Yanshanian period. In this study, we present LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating results which shows that the ages of the Youshan granite and the northwestern part of the Pingtian granite are (213.4±3.0) Ma and (238.8±2.2) Ma, respectively. These results indicate that the Youshan granite was formed by the Indosinian magmatism and the Pingtian granite is probably a composite granite batholith formed in the Indosinian and Yanshanian periods. In addition, it is revealed that both granites contain zircons having inherited cores with ages of Archean and 541 Ma~1 642 Ma, implying existence of Archean crust as well as Proterozoic crust containing rocks formed by several periods of magmatism in the source. Some of the zircons from the Youshan granite display dark rims (in CL images) with Yanshanian ages, which suggests that the granite was probably affected by hydrothermal fluids during the Yanshanian period. Narrow dark rims of zircons are also observed in the Pingtian granite, suggesting effect of hydrothermal fluids.

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    Cited: Baidu(6)
    Subdivision,Discrimination Criteria and Genesis for A Type Rock Suites
    LIU Chang-shi, CHEN Xiao-ming, CHEN Pei-rong, WANG Ru-cheng, HU Huan
    J4   
    Abstract3455)      PDF (4912KB)(1561)       Save
    This paper discusses the necessity for subdivision of A type suites into A1 and A2 subtypes and the judging criteria to distinguish them,based on new data obtained in study on A type suites in north Guangdong province and the data published in Chinese and overseas literature. The A type suites can be divided into two subtypes and three groups(A1 subtype:AS group;A2 subtype:ALAG group and AAG group).The A1 subtype(AS group)is usually SiO2-undersaturated,metaluminous,and peralkaline-alkaline rocks,which include feldspathide syenites, a1kaline syenites and phonolites .They are essentially characterized by existence of more or lass amount of feldspathide minerals such as Sodalite,nepheline,leucite etc.The A2 subtype is usually Si02-oversaturated,alkaline-subalkaline granitic rocks,which include the peraluminous,subalka1ine A type granites (ALAG group),and the metaluminous,alkaline A type granites (AAG group).Distinguishable from the ALAG group,the AAG group generally contains more or less amount of Ca-Na-or Na-pyroxenes and amphiboles .Geochemically,the A1 subtype has relatively lower Si02(54.13% ~61.29%),higher ALK (12.65% ~ 13.50%),NK/A (0.85~1.03),chlorine(50×10-6 ~9600×10-6),R2(623,average,the same below),Nb/Ta (15.69),Zr/Hf(36.17),Eu/Eu* (0.60),LREE/HREE (15.18) and zircon.saturation temperature(833℃ ),and relatively lower R1(-263),10^4 Ga/A1(2.4),Y/Nb(0.34,similar to OIB source materials)and relatively lower fluorine(50×10-6~3523×10-6).In contrast to A1 subtype,the AAG group of A2 subtype has relatively higher SiO2(71.93%-76.28%),lower ALK(7.81% ~9.80%),chlorine(26×10-6~500×10I6),R2 (318,in average,the same below),Nb/Ta(13.09),Eu/Eu* (0.29)and LREE/HREE (7.57),and higher R1(2295),10^4 Ga/A1 (3.93),Y (1.64,similar to IAB source materials),higher fluorine(6OO×10-6 ~1900×10-6)and zircon-saturation temperature(883℃ ).The ALAG group of A2 subtype is similar in geochemical properties to the AAG group,but is peraluminous.Using a series of diagrams of R1-R2,Y/Nb-Yb/Ta, Nb-Y - Ce and Nb/Ta-Nb,the A type suites can be readily distinguished into A1 and A2 subtype .Based on the Nd,Sr isotopic data and using the mixing model of depleted mantle endmember and bulk crust endmember, it is calculated that the source materials for most A2 subtype granites of seven rock bodies are dominated by depleted mantle endmember component(68% ~78%).The mixing model of depleted mantle endmember and enriched mantle endmember shows that the source material components for A1 type rock suites are composed of EM4DM96-EM17DM83,and the enriched mantle endmember comprises only a minor proportion.
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    Difference of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Foreland Thrust-fold Belt
    of the Southern Junggar Basin
    WEI Dong-Tao, ZHAO Ying-Cheng, A Bu-Li-Mi-Ti, CHEN Tao, YANG Hai-Bo, WU Liang-Yu, LI Shi-Hong
    J4    2010, 16 (3): 339-350.  
    Abstract3391)      PDF (1424KB)(1988)       Save

    The  tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation  in  the  foreland  fold-and-thrust belt of  the southern Junggar
    Basin  is complex.  In order  to  reveal  this complexity and  in  turn provide basic  information  for  regional petroleum exploration
    and  fundamental geological studies,  this paper analyzes petroleum accumulation  features. The study area  is characterized by
    structurally different segments along the east-west direction, and by structurally different belts along the north-south direction. The
    hydrocarbon accumulation  in  these different areas was discussed  from a variety of aspects,  including sources,  reservoirs,  traps,
    conduits, preservation, hydrocarbon accumulation and controlling factors. A strong difference in hydrocarbon formation is shown
    by reservoir age and source-reservoir-cap type in different geotectonic units. In the eastern segment (i.e., the Fukang fault belt), the
    Permian-sourced (including Jurassic-sourced) hydrocarbons were mainly accumulated in Jurassic reservoirs, and the hydrocarbon
    accumulation was predominantly controlled by  traps, preservation and reservoirs; In  the middle segment  (i.e.,  the  foreland  fold-
    and-thrust belt),  the Jurassic- and Permian-sourced  (including Cretaceous-sourced) hydrocarbons were mainly accumulated  in
    Paleogene and Cretaceous reservoirs, and the hydrocarbon accumulation was predominantly controlled by source rocks, oil-source faults and  reservoirs;  In  the western segment  (i.e.,  the Sikeshu sag area),  the Jurassic-sourced  (including Paleogene-sourced)
    hydrocarbons were mainly accumulated in Paleogene-Neogene and Cretaceous reservoirs, and the hydrocarbon accumulation was
    predominantly controlled by migration pathway and reservoirs.

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    Analysis of Deformation Characteristics and Parameters of Clay Layers in South Subsidence Area of Beijing
    YOU Binhao, YE Shujun, TIAN Fang, LUO Yong
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2023, 29 (4): 590-599.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021083
    Abstract3371)      PDF (2292KB)(463)       Save
    The land subsidence in Beijing is divided into north and south areas, and the southern area mainly includes Lixian-Yufa subsidence zone. The subsidence rate in this area has accelerated in recent years and reached 50-75 mm/a during 2017-2019, showing new subsidence characteristics. Based on the subsidence and water level observation data of 7-year time series from 2011 to 2017 at Yufa Subsidence Monitoring Station, the only subsidence observation station in the south subsidence area. The deformation characteristics of soil layers, especially clay layers, are systematically analyzed. Then the elastic and inelastic specific storage, vertical hydraulic conductivities and deformation lag time of the clay layers are estimated by the stress-strain diagram method and the type curve method. The results show that there are both elastic deformation and plastic deformation in each soil layer, and the plastic deformation is the main deformation with obvious deformation hysteresis. However, the deformation rate of each soil layer presents different characteristics. The results of the stress-strain diagram method show that the inelastic specific storage of the first and second clay layers is between 1.49×10 -5 and 2.10×10 -5, the elastic specific storage is between 3.93×10 -5 and 8.38×10 -5, the inelastic specific storage is 2-4 times of the elastic specific storage, the vertical hydraulic conductivity is between 6.20×10 -6~4.39×10 -5 m/d, and the soil deformation lag time is 2.1-12.8 years. The specific storage of the shallow layers in the study area estimated by the type curve method is about 4.8×10 -4, and that of the deep layer is between 1.08×10 -4 and 2.05×10 -4. The specific storage of shallow layer is 2-4 times of that of deep layer, and the vertical hydraulic conductivities are 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than that of the deep layers.
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    Characteristics and Mechanics of Cenozoic Salt-Related Structures in Kuqa Foreland Basins: Insights from Physical Modeling and Discussion
    YIN Hong-Wei, WANG Zhe, WANG Xin, WU Zhen-Yun
    J4    2011, 17 (2): 308-317.  
    Abstract3291)      PDF (3893KB)(2211)       Save

    Salt  layer has a significant  influence on  the structural deformation and evolution of Kuqa  foreland basin. Structural
    styles are quite different in the strata beneath and above salt. Strata above salt are mainly deformed by broad folding, while strata
    beneath salt are mostly deformed by closely-spaced thrusts. Based on scaled physical experiments, we investigate the deformation
    pattern and mechanics of Kuqa salt-related structures. Modeling  results show  that Kuqa salt-related structures are primarily
    controlled by  regional compression and growth sedimentation. Salt structures near  the back end, such as Kelasu  fold belt, are
    controlled by regional compression, and salt structures near the front end, such as Qiulitake fold belt, have a significant influence
    from the heavy growth sedimentation in the nearby Baicheng syncline.

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    40Ar/ 39Ar Dating of the Guanshan High Sulphidation Type Cu-Pb-Au Depositin Jiangsu Province and Its Geological Significance
    LIANG Ye-Heng, SUN Xiao-Ming, ZHAI Wei, MA Chun, WU Zhi-Qiang, DING Cun-Gen, WANG Tang-Xi
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 143-148.  
    Abstract3273)      PDF (1324KB)(2383)       Save

    Guanshan Cu-Pb-Au deposit in Lishui basin of Jiangsu Province is a high sulphidation type epithermal deposit hosted in Late Mesozoic subvolcanic rocks. 40Ar/39Ar dating was performed on two sericite samples collected from sericitized subvolcanic wallrocks of Guanshan deposit. The results yield plateau ages of(120.8±1.0)Ma and(116.0±1.3)Ma,respectively, suggesting that the major mineralization of Guanshan belongs to the large-scale Mesozoic metallogenic event occurred in eastern China. During 125 Ma to 115 Ma, most part of eastern China was affected by extensional tectonic stress, resulting in large-scale magmatism and formed a series of fault-depressed basins, including the Lishui volcanic basin. In this basin, upwelling of deep-seated magma provided magmatic heat, triggered circulation of meteoric water, which mixed with magmatic fluid, and finally deposited the ore minerals in brittle fractures in the trachyte-porphyry wallrocks.

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    Ore-Forming Mineralogy of W-Sn Granites in the Nanling Range:Concept and Case Study
    WANG Ru-cheng, ZHU Jin-chu, ZHANG Wen-lan, XIE Lei, YU A-peng, CHE Xu-dong
    J4   
    Abstract3217)      PDF (1322KB)(2897)       Save
    Tungsten-tin mineralizations in the Nanling Range are closely related to granitic magmatism. Ability of controlling the mineralization of granites (or ore-forming potential of granites) is simply revealed by (1) the sources of granites (or initianl W-Sn enrichment); (2) differentiation degree of granites; and (3) nature and activity of fluids during granite evolution. This work aims to preliminarily establish a research system of ore-forming mineralogy for tungsten-tin granites in the Nanling Range. Biotite,titanite, cassiterite, rutile, wolframite, scheelite and wolframoixiolite are essentially useful minerals in clarifying the ore-forming potential of granites. On the crystal-chemical basis, these minerals are separately discussed by their petrographic, internal textural and chemical features. Criteria of these minerals as indicators of pricinple granite-related processes are presented for initial W-Sn enrichment in granites, crystallization of granite and hydrothermal mobility of ore-forming metals in late stage of granite differentiation. Features of ore-forming minerals are compared among three types of Nanling W-Sn granites (metaluminous tin granites, peraluminous tin granites and peralumnious tungsten granites). Finally, a case study was made in the Qitianling granite complex, which is essentially composed of the Sn granites of Furong and Cailing, and the Xintianling W granite. The Sn granites are characterized by biotite and titanite as Sn-bearing minerals, which suffured hydrothermal alteration, leading to tin leaching and subsequent crystallization of cassiterite. However, the Xintianling granite contains magmatic scheelite and wolframite. The mineralogical system of W-Sn granites helps to deepen metallogenic study and exploration of W-Sn deposits, and will be improved and perfected during the further researches.
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    Cited: Baidu(34)
    SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb Age, Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopic Geochemistry and Petrogenesisof the Ehu Pluton in Northeastern Jiangxi Province
    ZHAO Peng, JIANG Yao-hui, LIAO Shi-yong, ZHOU Qing, JIN Guo-dong
    J4    2010, 16 (2): 218-225.  
    Abstract3211)      PDF (1522KB)(2942)       Save

    In this study, we present detailed SHRIMP zircon U-Pb chronology, major and trace elements, and Sr-Nd-Hf isotope data for the Ehu pluton in northeastern Jiangxi province, in an attempt to better constrain its petrogenesis. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating shows that the Ehu pluton was emplaced in the Early Cretaceous (121.7 Ma±2.9 Ma). Petrographic, elemental and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics suggest that the Ehu granites are of S-type, generated by partial melting of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary basement in the deep (>40 km) crust, with no fractional crystallization and mantle-derived magma mixing in their evolution. The upwelling of asthenosphere during the Early Cretaceous extensional tectonic regime in the region induced partial melting of the lower crust.

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    Cited: Baidu(23)
    A Review on Mixed Rocks of Terrigenous Clastics and Carbonates and Their Petroleum-Gas Geological Significance
    FENG Jin-Lai, HU Kai, CAO Jian, CHEN Yan, WANG Long-Gang, ZHANG Ying, WANG Mu, ZHAO Jian
    J4    2011, 17 (2): 297-307.  
    Abstract3186)      PDF (3126KB)(4182)       Save

    The present progress in research on mixed rock of terrigenous clastics and carbonates is reviewed in this paper, mainly
    including classification,  terminology, depositional environment, depositional modes and petroleum-gas geological significance.
    It  is proposed by a comprehensive analysis  that  the depositional  facies  favorable  for  the mixed deposition mainly cover coastal
    and shallow-lake  faicies,  following by shallow-sea shelf, shore-shallow  lacustrine and delta  facies. The study on  the depositional
    environment  implies  that  the  factors controlling  the development of coastal mixed-rocks  include  tidal effect,  relatively strong
    hydrodynamic condition and a shallow sea environment favorable for the living of lower organisms. In contrast, with respect to the
    shore-shallow  lacustrine  rocks,  the  factors are  frequent  lake-level and climate changes. Consequently, a deep discussion on  the
    depositional micro-facies and associated environmental  factors may be an effective way  to  improve and better  the classification
    and  terminology of  the mixed  rocks. Furthermore, a synthetic depositional model  for  the marine and  lacustrine environment  is
    suggested based on above-mentioned analyses, combined with case studies in Paleogene and Neogene middle-deep mixed rocks in
    the northwestern Qaidam Basin. In addition, the shore-shallow sea and lake areas of mixed deposition can form high-quality targets of

    reservoir and source rocks, based on factual research data on source and reservoir sequences associated with mixed rocks.

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    Rb-Sr Isochron Age Dating of the Bangpu Large-Scale Mo-Cu Polymetallic Deposit, Tibet and Its Geological Significance
    ZHOUXiong,WENChunqi,ZHANGXuequan,CAOShengyuan,WUPengyu,ZHOUYu,FEIGuangchun
    J4    2010, 16 (4): 448-456.  
    Abstract3186)      PDF (5705KB)(2512)       Save

             The Bangpu Mo-Cu polymetallic deposit is one of the typical large-scale porphyry deposits which lies in the eastern Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. Its major  ore elements are molybdenum and copper, and its accompanying elements are lead and zinc. A monzonite granite-porphyry whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age of (13.88±0.38) Ma with MSWD=1.7 was obtained which represents the crystallization age of the rock. Furthermore, a pyrite Rb-Sr isochron age of (11.0±1.5) Ma with MSWD=3.5 was obtained for Mo and Cu bearing ores which represents the age of later episode of Mo-Cu mineralization. Combining with the zirconSHRIMP U-Pb age (13.9±0.3) Ma and laser micro-probe 40Ar-39Ar age (13.9±0.9) Ma, it is shown that the rock-forming and ore-forming ages are mutually consistent. The molybdenum and copper mineralization lasted about 3 Myrs. The inital 87Sr/ 86Sr valu(0.706538~0.709190) and mantle composition percentage (Pm) (4.03%~ 51.65%) indicate that the primary magma might be derived from the mantle, and emplaced in the Gangdese extensional setting 14 Myrs ago. The mantle magma was interacted with crustal dioritic magma and contaminated by crustal materials during its ascending process. But generally speaking, the magma source was mainly mantle-derived.

     

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    Studies on Structures of Several Early Cretaceous Fossil Conifers in Fuxin,
    Liaoning Province and Its Geological Significance
    DU Bao-Xia, YAN De-Fei, SUN Bai-Nian, DENG SHeng-Hui, XIE San-Ping, WEN Wen-Wen
    J4    2010, 16 (3): 327-338.  
    Abstract3150)      PDF (9040KB)(2200)       Save

    The conifer fossils, Cephalotaxopsis haizhouensis Shang, Elatocladus cf. dunnii Miller et Lapasha and Elatides harrisii
    Chow, were collected from the Lower Cretaceous Fuxin Formation of the Fuxin Basin, Liaoning Province. Studies on the epidermal
    structures of  these  three species were carried out, and  the epidermal structure characteristics of Cephalotaxopsis haizhouensis
    and Elatocladus cf. dunnii account  for a warm and humid environmental condition. Based on  the more complete cuticle and
    clearer stomatal bands structures, the analysis and comparison of epidermal structures between extant and fossil plants show that
    Cephalotaxus sinensis and Cephalotaxus fortunei can be the nearest living equivalent species to Cephalotaxopsis haizhouensis and
    Elatocladus cf. dunnii. The Early Cretaceous CO2 concentration of the Fuxin Basin was quantitatively reconstructed based on the
    analysis of these two fossil species and their living equivalent species.

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    Magmatism and Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau
    MO Xuan-Xue
    J4    2011, 17 (3): 351-.  
    Abstract3138)      PDF (15256KB)(7760)       Save

    The Tibetan Plateau  is one of  the regions  in China where  igneous rocks are very widely developed. Various  types of
    volcanic and plutonic rocks are distributed over 300,000 km2 in area and take 10% area of the entire Plateau. These igneous rocks
    and carried deep-seated nodules play  important  roles  in understanding geodynamic evolution of  the Tibetan Plateau, as either
    lithoprobes/windows or  tectonic  records, and are closely  related  to mineralization as well. This paper discusses some  important
    scientific  topics via studying  igneous  rocks.  (1) The  timing of  Indo-Asia collision: This  is a very  important scientific problem.
    There  is, however, a wide  range of discrepancy about  the  timing of  initiation of  the collision  (from earlier  than 70 Ma,  to even
    later than 34 Ma). According to multiple lines of evidences from the 1500 km-extending main collision zone in southern Tibet, we
    deduced a conclusion that Indo-Asia collision likely started from 65/70 Ma and completed in c. 40 Ma (syn-collisional stage), and
    then transformed into post-collisional stage after 40 Ma. (2) Underplating and magma mixing, an event of mantle-crust interaction
    during  syn-collisional  stage: There are abundant evidences  for underplating and magma mixing  in  southern Gangdese. An

    important process of continental growth and evolution took place in the Tibetan Plateau. (3) The origin of formation of extremely
    thick crust of  the Tibetan Plateau: A deduction of “Two  types of crust and  two  types of mechanism”  is suggested based on  the
    studies of collisional and post-collisional  igneous  rocks. There are  two  types of crust,  juvenile crust and  recycled crust,  in  the
    Plateau. Crustal  thickening of  the Plateau was caused by  two  types of mechanism,  i.e., both structural compression and  input of
    mantle materials via magmatism. (4) The composition, structure and evolution of the lithosphere of the Tibetan Plateau: There are
    three geochemical reservoirs in the lithospheric mantle, and three types of lithospheric structure underneath the Tibetan Plateau.
    Nodules and outcrops of mantle/lower crust-seated rocks are found in several locations of the Plateau. (5) Possible lateral flow of
    lower crust and upper mantle: Migration of collisional and post-collisional volcanism with time shows a highly distinctive pattern,
    which can be interpreted to reflect lateral flow of the lower crust and asthenospheric mantle induced by the approach and ensuing
    collision of relatively thick (India and Eurasia) continental plates.

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    W-Sn-Nb-Ta-Bearing Granites in the Nanling Range and Their Relationship to Metallogengesis
    CHEN Jun, LU Jian-Jun, CHEN Wei-Feng, WANG Ru-Cheng, MA Dong-Sheng,ZHU Jin-chu, ZHANG Wen-lan and JI Jun-Feng
    J4   
    Abstract3121)      PDF (3275KB)(3931)       Save
    The large-scale mineralizations of W, Sn, Nb and Ta related to granites took place in the Late Jurassic period in Nanling Range, South China. According to the petrological and geochemical features of ore-bearing granites and their relationship to mineralizations, they can be grouped into the following three major types: W-bearing granites, Sn-W-bearing granites and Ta-Nb-bearing granites. The W-bearing granites show low TiO2 and Ba+Sr contents and LREE/HREE ratios,intensive Eu depletion, high Rb and Y abundances and Rb/Sr ratios, and oversaturation in Al. They commonly underwent intensive differentiation and evolution. The Sn-W-bearing granites are characterized by enrichment of TiO2, total REE, HFSEs,Ba+Sr and Rb, higher CaO/(K2O+Na2O) and LREE/HREE ratios, metaluminous-weakly peraluminous feature and lower Rb/Sr ratios, and weaker differentiation and evolation. The Ta-Nb-bearing granites have very low TiO2, Ba+Sr, total REE and HFSEs contents and CaO/(K2O+Na2O) ratios, higher Al2O3/TiO2 and Rb/Sr ratios, higher Rb and Nb contents, and ACNK values. They are highly evolved. Good discrimination can be obtained between these three types of W-Sn-Nb-Ta-bearing granites on plots employing Nb-Y-Ce, (Ba+Sr)-Rb-(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y), LREE/HREE-Rb/Sr and LREE/HREE-(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y) diagrams. These three types of ore-bearing granites have obviously different evolutional trends. Metallogenesis is intimately related to the evolution of the ore-bearing granites. Mineralizations of Sn, W or W-Sn and Nb-Ta or Sn-W-Nb-Ta are closely related to biotite granites, twomica granites or muscovite granites and albite granites respectively. The important deposit types of W, Sn, Nb and Ta and their major features in the Nanling Range are summarized in the paper. The chloritized granite type tin deposit is proposed. This paper indicates that an attention to searching for both the chloritzed granite type tin deposits and greisen-quartz vein type W-Sn deposits in W-Sn-bearing granites in the Nanling Range should be especially paid.
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    Cited: Baidu(96)
    THE GEOCHEMISTRY AND GENESIS OF THE LAOSHAN GRANITOIDS, SHANDONG PROVINCE
    Zhao Guang-tao1, Wang De-zi2, Cao Qin-chen1
    J4   
    Abstract3102)      PDF (2530KB)(1543)       Save
    The Laoshan granitoids, distributed in the middle part of the Northern Jiangsu-Southeastern Shandong tectonic zone, is a typical Mesozoic granitic complex composed of calc-alkaline and peralkaline groups. The calc-alkaline group includes three units of ganitic rocks: quartz monzonitic granite, biotite monzonitic granite and syenogranite unit, while the peralkaline group comprises a series of alkaline or peralkaline granites characterized by occurrence of alkaline melanic minerals such as arfvedsonite and aegirine. The emplacement ages determinated by zircon U-Ph method of the four above units are 146.8, 126.2. 113.0 and 110.8Ma respectively. There exists evident evolutionary trend indicated by increasing Si, alkaline and decreasing Al, Ca, Mg from quartz monzonitic granite, biotite monzonitic granite to syenogranite unit in the calc-alkaline group, while the alkaline granite is generally of higher Si, alkaline and lower Al, Ca, Mg and especially rich in Ga, Nb, Hf, Zr, Y and of high F/Cl, Ga/Al ratio, similar to typical A-type granite in the world. Based on the data of Sr, Nd, Ph, O isotope and the study of rock-forming mechanism, the authors presented that both groups of the Laoshan granitoids were derived from the similar source of metamorphic rocks of the lower crust basement, the Jiaonan Group, but related to two different partial melting events. In the first event, the calc-alkaline magma was generated to form three units by different degrees of fractional crystallization, while the alkailine granite was possibly generated from the remelting of the “restite” in the second event and through AFC process. Based on the results from a series of geochemical diagram and the regional tectonic development, it is suggested that the Laoshan granitoids are the products of a special period of tectonic evolution in the continent-continent collision transpression orogenic zone between Jiaobei terrane and Jiaonan terrane, of which the talc-alkaline group was formed at the compressive environment transpreesion or the transitiona1 environment from transpression to transtension, while the alkaline granite was definitely formed at the tensional environment. The latter can be considered as a mark of the ending of Mesozoic orogenic movement in the eastern Shandong area.
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    Review on Application of Geobarometry for Granitic Rocks
    LI Xiao-Wei, HUANG Xiong-Fei, HUANG Dan-Feng
    J4    2011, 17 (3): 415-.  
    Abstract3038)      PDF (742KB)(3347)       Save

           This paper briefly and critically discusses several common geobarometers applied  to granitic systems, especially
    the specific  rock  types, and  their  limitation and error analysis. The Al-in-hornblende barometer can be applied  to calc-alkaline granites and  is  suitable  for  low-pressure mineralized granitic pluton. The Fe-rich orthopyroxene-fayalite-quartz assemblage barometer can be used  to calculate  the crystallization pressure condition of  rapakivi granites, and  the crystallization pressure of coexisting alkali  feldspar, plagioclase and quartz can be obtained via projecting onto  the Q-Ab-Or-H2O phase diagram  for granites. The hydrostatic pressure of  fluid  inclusion  in granites can be acquired by  thermodynamic state equations or    raman spectroscopy. Some  indicative minerals  like magmatic epidote  sometimes can constrain  the  lower pressure  limit. Moreover, the pseudosection calculated by THERMOCALC   eventually can define  the pressure scope  for a specific coexisting mineral assemblage and specific pressure and temperature.

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    Cited: Baidu(5)
    Characteristics of Granitic Pegmatite with High-Purity Quartz in Spruce Pine   Region, USA and Altay Region of Xinjiang, China
    ZHANG Ye , CHEN Pei-rong
    J4    2010, 16 (4): 426-435.  
    Abstract3031)      PDF (2093KB)(3874)       Save

    The alaskites/pegmatites from the Spruce Pine region of USA and the muscovite granites/pegmatites from the Altay region of Xinjiang, China, were comparatively studied. The pegmatites from both regions might be melt-vapor differentiation products of the peraluminous granitic magmas. The pegmatites from the Spruce Pine region with high-purity quartz were developed on the schist or gneiss background, whose major rock-forming minerals are rich in plagioclase, showing high Na/K ratios, high large-ion lithophile elements Sr and Ba contents, low high-field strength and rare earth elements contents, positive Eu anomalies,and low impurity elements contents in quartz. All these characteristics can be used as the discrimination criteria of high-purity quartz pegmatities. The Altay region of Xinjiang is abundant of pegmatites, and some samples studied showed the features which evidenced that the Altay pegmatite region has a perspective to find the gualified pegmatites with high-purity quartz.

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    Generation and Evolution of Basaltic Magmas:Some Basic Concepts and a New View onthe Origin of Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basaltic Volcanism in Eastern China
    Yaoling Niu
    J4   
    Abstract3031)      PDF (10781KB)(1701)       Save
    Some basic concepts of basaltic magma generation and evolution are discussed in the context of global tectonics.These concepts need better understanding before invoking elusive possibilities in igneous petrogenesis on all scales and in all tectonic environments.A hypothesis for the Mesozoic lithosphere thinning and Mesozoic—Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in eastern China is presented.This hypothesis is consistent with observations and complies with basic physics.While the eastern China volcanism can be defined as“intra-plate”volcanism.it is in fact a special consequence of plate tectonics.The Mesozoic lithosphere thinning in eastern China is best explained by a process that“transformed”the deep portion of the lithosphere into convective asthenosphere by hydration.The water that did so may come from dehydration of subducted Pacific(or predecessor)oceanic lithosphere that is presently lying horizontally in the transition zone beneath eastern Chinese continent as detected by seismic tomographic models.The Mesozoic volcanism may be genetically associated with the lithospheric thinning because the basaltic source is ancient isotopically enriched (ENd<0) lithosphere-being convened to the asthenosphere.The NNE-SSW Great Gradient Line(GGL) marked by the sharp altitude,gravity anomaly,crustal thickness,and mantle seismic velocity changes from the plateau west to the hilly plains of Eastern China is an expression of variation in lithospheric thickness from probably >150~200 km beneath the plateaus in the west to the thin,probably<80 km,beneath eastern China.The “remote”western Pacific subduction systems induce asthenospheric flow from beneath eastern China towards the subduction zones,which,in turn,requires asthenospheric material replenishment from beneath the plateaus to the eastern China.As a result,such eastward asthenospheric flow experiences an upwelling and decompression(from beneath thickened to thined lithosphere),which causes the flowing asthenosphere (e.g.,ENd>0)to partially melt and produce Cenozoic eastern China basaltic volcanism.Such volcanism ma y have actually begun at the end of the Mesozoic lithosphere thinning in the late Cretaceous.This simplistic concept is currently being substantiated with detailed petrologic and geochemical data.
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    The formation of calcium carbonate particles induced by bacteria
    LI Hui, LIAN Bin, GONG Guo-hong, DU Kai-he
    J4    2011, 17 (1): 112-117.  
    Abstract3014)      PDF (1597KB)(3086)       Save

    In order to study whether Bacillus mucilaginosus can promote the formation of calcium carbonate or not under certain
    conditions, this research adopted two commonly used basic media of Bacillus mucilaginosus. The one is the nitrogen medium, and
    the other  is  the nitrogen-free medium. The apatite mineral was  the sole source of calcium, and  the B. mucilaginosus was grown
    in different media  to synthesis calcium carbonate. Scanning electron microscopy  (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer  (EDS)
    quantitative analysis, and X-ray diffraction  (XRD) analysis were used  to observe and study  the crystal structure and chemical
    composition of  the  formed calcium carbonate. The  results showed  that B. mucilaginosus can accelerate  formation of calcium
    carbonate. The crystals, calcium carbonate particles  formed  in  the nitrogen medium containing apatite powders were more  than
    those in the nitrogen-free medium containing apatite powders. Meanwhile, the columnar calcium carbonate crystals were observed
    in  the nitrogen medium containing apatite powders. The mechanism  for B. mucilaginosus  to promote  formation of calcium
    carbonate might be  the secretion of carbonic anhydrase  (CA) and dissolved CO2  in  the process of apatite weathering and strong
    absorption features of bacteria.

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    Advances in the Study of Biogeochemical Cycles of Phosphorus
    ZHOU Qiang, JIANG Yunbin, HAO Jihua, JI Junfeng, LI Wei
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2021, 27 (2): 183-199.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2020002
    Abstract2980)      PDF (2398KB)(2611)       Save
    Phosphorus is an essential element for life and an important limiting factor for food production. The biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus not only regulate marine primary production, but also has an impact on the global climate system; it also determines the formation and distribution of phosphate resources and affects the continuity of life on earth. The current theory of “earth system science” integrates the subsystems of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) and biosphere, providing a broader view for studying the global phosphorus cycles. Based on the existing research and combined with the theory of “earth system science”, the following important understandings of the biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus has been obtained: The evolution of phosphorus in geological history determines the current cycle pattern of phosphorus on a global scale (terrestrial ecosystems and marine ecosystems); Human industrial and agricultural activities, as an important geological agent, has changed the biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus, resulted in resource crisis of phosphate depletion and environmental problem of eutrophication of water bodies; The key to solve the resource crisis problem of phosphorus shortage and environmental pollution problem of phosphorus surplus lies in regulating the biogeochemical cycle process that cause these problems. 
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    Volcanic Ash in the Clay Rocks from Upper Shaximiao Formation of Middle Jurassic, Northeast of Sichuan Basin: Evidence from Petrology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry
    ZHANG Chao1, MA Chang-qian1, SHE Zhen-bing2, YIN Kun-long3
    J4   
    Abstract2976)      PDF (3231KB)(1235)       Save
    The gray montmorillenite-rich beds (clay rocks), discovered in the Upper Shaximiao formation of Middle Jurassic, Wanzhou City, were studied mineralogically and chemically. The clay minerals in the clay rocks are typically montmorillonite, illite and chlorite. Based on the comparison with post-Archean Australian shale (PAAS), north American average shale ( NASC), background value of earth crust clay and other typical rocks, the studied clay rocks are characterized by low abundances of V, Ti, and Fe group dements, and high Al2O3/TiO2 and Ti/Th ratios. Some beds have clear negative Eu anomalies. The sources of clay rocks are interpreted as mixtures of volcanic ash and continental debris. The variation of compositions in different beds shows different mixing ratios at different times when the Sichuan basin was formed. It is suggested that the volcanic ash might come from the middle Jurassic volcanic arc in the Tethys which was about 600 km to the west.
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