Under the background of the continuous emergence of new technologies and methods, and with the integration of disciplines, the teaching of Earth science courses is facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities in terms of how to meet the needs of the future development of Earth system science and talent training. This article, taking the course of “Introduction to Earth Science” of Zhejiang University as an example, introduces the expansion of teaching content, the integration of curriculum ideology and politics, the modernization of curriculum teaching, and their challenges and strategies faced by curriculum teaching. We also introduce the direction of future subject development and curriculum-teaching reform. We further point out that the reform of curriculum teaching should be based on morality education and soul-building, consolidate the foundation of Earth science, embrace new technology and new methods, and face the future of Earth system science.