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    20 March 2010, Volume 16 Issue 1
    Present Situation and Prospect of Groundwater Numerical Simulation in China
    XUE Yu-qun
    2010, 16(1):  1-6. 
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    The present situation of research on groundwater numerical simulation in China is briefly reviewed and analyzed.Problems existing in the development process are summarized. The prospect of the groundwater numerical simulation and some preferential development orientations of this field in the coming decade (2011~2020) is put forward.

    Article
    A Common Regularity of Aquifers: The Decay in Hydraulic Conductivity with Depth
    WAN Li, JIANG Xiao-wei, WANG Xu-sheng
    2010, 16(1):  7-12. 
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    It has been reported many times that hydraulic conductivity decays with depth in aquifers throughout the world.In this paper, general models characterizing the decay of hydraulic conductivity with depth are given for porous media and fractured media, respectively. It is found out that the general models can be simplified by the exponential decay model under certain conditions and the decay exponent is convenient for describing the decay rate of hydraulic conductivity. Using this simplified model, the regularity of decay in hydraulic conductivity with depth in several aquifers with different depths of hydraulic conductivity measurements and lithology from different places around the world is analyzed. For aquifers with different depths of hydraulic conductivity measurements, the decay exponent decreases with the measurement depth. The decay exponent of aquifers with measurement depth of several meters is on the order of magnitude of 10-1 m-1, while that of aquifers with measurement depth of thousands meters is on the order of magnitude of 10-3 m-1. For aquifers with similar measurement depths, lithogy also has influence on the decay exponent of hydraulic conductivity. Therefore, the regularity of decay in hydraulic conductivity with depth should not be neglected in analyzing groundwater problems.
    Groundwater Formation in Beishan (Gansu) Preselected Area of High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Repository
    GUO Yong-hai, WANG Ju, XIAO Feng, WANG Zhi-ming, LIU Shu-fen, SU Rui,ZONG Zi-hua, LI Ya-wei, Wang Hai-long
    2010, 16(1):  13-18. 
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    In the site characterization study for high-level radioactive waste repository, the hydrogeological groundwater feature is one of the most important evaluation factors. Groundwater formation is the principal hydrogeological problem. Based on the synthetic analysis of hydrogeology, groundwater chemistry, isotopes, CFC and dynamic characteristics of water table data, the groundwater formation in Beishan preselected area of high-level radioactive waste disposal repository is discussed. The research results show that the groundwater in Beishan area is mainly phreatic water distributed in the joints and fratures of metamorphic, magmatic, clastic and carbonate rocks. The groundwater chemical components in the area possess horizontal zonation and the dynamic type mainly belongs to infiltration-evaporation-runoff type. These results in combination with groundwater isotopic and CFC data indicate that the groundwater in this area was originated mainly from the infiltration of local precipitation. The shallow groundwater is mainly recharged by modern and local precipitation, and the deep groundwater might be originated from infiltration recharge of ancient precipitation.
    Simulation of Fault Effect on Mining Failure of Coal Seam Floor and Its Application in Water Disasters Control
    FENG Qi-yan1,2, ZHOU Lai1,2, JING Sheng-guo3, YANG Tian-hong4
    2010, 16(1):  19-25. 
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    Five water inrush events happened in Liangbei coal mine. The water source was from the confined Cambrian karst aquifer under the coal seam. According to the hydrogeological conditions of Liangbei coal mine, the numerical models, including non-fault and fault models, were established with FLAC package. Based on the theory of rock mechanics and seepage mechanics,numerical simulations were directed for revealing the failure evolution of the seam floor above the high pressure confined aquifer.Different fault factors such as fault depth and location controlling the failure of coal seam floor were discussed. Simulation results showed that failure depth for the fault model increased 20%-33% compared to the non-fault model. The fault zone, especially the area of 10 meters ahead of the fault to 15 meters behind the fault, must be paid more attention to. Accordingly, the grouting reinforced projects were designed for No. 11041, 11151, 11111 working faces in Liangbei coal mine. Targeting the failure zones of coal seam floor and fractures on top of the confined Cambrian karst aquifer, the grouting projects reinforced the water-resisting strength of the coal seam floor, which assured the safe mining in Liangbei coal mine.
    Colloid Deposition and Release in Saturated Porous Media:Experiments and Simulations
    XU Shao-hui1, LIU Qing-ling2
    2010, 16(1):  26-31. 
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    Colloid transport has been shown to facilitate the transport of the contaminants in the subsurface and this process is affected by the attachment/detachment of the colloid. Two models were used in this study to simulate the colloid attachment/detachment behavior, putting focus on colloid transport under different ionic strengths. To represent the colloid attachment/detachment process, the kaolinite suspensions with different NaCl concentrations were applied to soil columns and then deionized water was used to flush the columns. The experimental results indicated that the amount of colloid attachment increased along with the increasing ionic strengths, which is revealed by the breakthrough curves (the decreased peak values). The attachment rate constant K d is positively related to the ionic strength. The simulating results showed that the detachment rate coefficient is significantly related to the ionic strength and the calculated results from the Grolimund’s model for the attachment process agree well with experimental data (R 2>0.95). However, this model can not exactly interpret the detachment process. Reasonable fits were obtained when the colloid transport model is coupled with NaCl solute transport equations which are used to reflect the influence of ionic strength on detachment of colloid (R 2>0.9).
    Effects of Ethanol Nitrate-Enhanced Bioremediation on Permeability of Porous Media
    JIANG Ya-ping1,CHEN Yu-dao1,ZHANG Yan2,HUANG Yue-qun1
    2010, 16(1):  32-38. 
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    Increasing use of ethanol blended gasoline will make ethanol a new contaminant along with benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene and xylene isomers( collectively denoted as BTEX) in groundwater. This study focuses on the effects of ethanol nitrate-enhanced bioremediation on permeability of porous media via four sand column experiments. Results showed that the removal rates of ethanol were greater than 92 % under limited dissolved oxygen and amended nitrate conditions. Effects of bioprocesses on permeability could vary with the initial concentration of ethanol, biodegradation rate and amendment frequency. For the initial concentration of ethanol near 1 000 mg/L or 3 000 mg/L,the permeability coefficient could continuously decrease one order of magnitude( ×10-1 cm/s) comapred with the background value. The amendment frequency of ethanol was high because ethanol could be rapidly consumed within a short time. In the presence of the initial ethanol concentration up to 5000 mg/L,the permeability coefficient could decrease two order of magnitude. However, the slow consumption rate of ethanol and the low amendment frequency for ethanol would likely cause the permeability to be increasd. For comparison,dissolved hydrocarbons of gasoline without ethanol showed insignificant effect on permeability.
    Characteristics of Cotton Root Development under Mulch Drip Irrigation and Their Relationship with Soil Water and Salt Distribution
    HE Yu-jiang1,JIN Meng-gui1*,WANG Zai-min1, WANG Bing-guo1,LIU Lei2
    2010, 16(1):  39-44. 
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    In order to understand the impact of water-salt on spatial development of cotton roots under mulch drip irrigation,144 root samples were collected in the flower and boll stage for two different treatments irrigated with saline groundwater and fresh surface water using same irrigation system. Screening out cotton roots from the soil with 1 mm soil sieve and hand-picking,removing dead roots, scanning into a tif format images after washing, then the root length density was obtained through DT-SCAN software calculation. The results show that the distribution area of roots under mulch drip irrigation with saline water is larger and total root length density (31.69 mm/cm3) is bigger than that with fresh water. The depth of root for saline water irrigation is much greater than that with fresh water because of salt stress. Root distribution is mainly affected by salt stress under saline water irrigation; however, it is affected by water stress under fresh water irrigation. Water stress plays a leading role in root development 40 cm away from the emitter at the horizontal direction. When the volumetric water content of soil is greater than 20 % and the electric conductivity is smaller than 2000 μs/cm, the root can grow and develop normally.
    SWIFT: Numerical Model for Deep-Well Injection
    YANG Yun,WU Ji-chun*,TANG Tian
    2010, 16(1):  45-52. 
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    The deep-well injection of industrial waste is an effective waste disposal method. In China, with increasing understanding and continuous improvement of technology, it will be an important choice for the final disposal of waste, which may be highly toxic or difficult to deal with. SWIFT is a fully transient, three-dimensional model which can simulate the flow and transport of fluid, heat (energy), brine, and radionuclide chains in porous and fractured geologic media. The model is able to take full account of the deep geological environment of the injection zone, which is often under high temperature and pressure.Besides the application in the underground injection, it also can be used to simulate and analyze the seawater intrusion, high-level radioactive nuclear waste isolation and so on. In the United States, SWIFT model has been employed to predict the waste transport in many underground injection projects. This paper gives a comprehensive presentation of this model, and put forward several issues which should be paid particular attention to during usage.
    Classifications of Basin Superimposing Units in Eastern North China and Analysis of Petroleum Geological Significance
    LIN Hui-xi1,2, WU Zhi-ping3
    2010, 16(1):  53-62. 
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    The eastern part of North China is an important energy-resource region in China, and also a typical superimposed basin. On the crystalline Precambrian basement, it underwent nine evolutional phases. The eastern North China basin has complex geologic framework, typical of vertical superimposition with multi-phase, multi-property and multi-orientation character.On the basis of combination with the static framework of monotypic basin and the dynamic superimposition of multi-phase basin,the conception of basin superimposing units is brought forward. The eastern North China basin has six types of superimposing units, including inherited subsidence (Ⅰ), subsidence in the Mesozoic and erosion in the Cenozoic (Ⅱ1), sag or uplift in the Mesozoic and subsidence in the Cenozoic (Ⅱ2), sag or uplift in the Mesozoic and erosion in the Cenozoic (Ⅱ3), erosion in the Mesozoic and subsidence in the Cenozoic (Ⅱ4) and inherited erosion (Ⅲ). Analysis of petroleum geological conditions of the basin superimposing units shows that Ⅱ2 and Ⅱ4 are the favorable exploration areas where the oil and gas came from the hydrocarbon source rocks of Palaeozoic; andⅠand Ⅱ2 are the favorable exploration areas where the oil and gas came from the hydrocarbon source rocks of Mesozoic. This paper provides a new idea of correct analysis and evaluation of the petroleum geological conditions of superimposed basins.
    Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Source Rocks in Dawangbei Subsag
    REN Yong-jun1, YANG Jing-nan1, QIU Long-wei1, LIU Kui-yuan2
    2010, 16(1):  63-72. 
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    Using the analytic results of soluble extracted materials by GC and MS-GC, the combination characteristics of saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon in Members E2S4, E2S3 and E2S1 of the Dawangbei subsag were studied. The different depositional environments and organic matter input characteristics of these three sets of source rocks were revealed,and the biomarker methods to identify the source rocks were presented. The results showed that the source rocks from the Member E2s4 are characterized by lower Pr/Ph, C29-4-methyl steranes and rearranged steranes, high dinoflagellate steranes, abnormal C35 homohopanes, abnormally high gammacerane index, small amount of oleanane and high content of DBT chemical compound,which indicates that these source rocks were developed in hyperhaline, sulfureous and strongly reducing sedimentary environment,predominance of lower-level aquatic organisms and significant contribution of high-level plants in the mixed organic matter input. The source rocks from the Member E2S3 are marked with relatively high Pr/Ph, low C29- 4-methyl steranes, high rearranged steranes, normal homohopanes, abnormally low gammacerane index, lower oleanane and rare dinoflagellate sterane, which shows that these source rocks were formed in the brackish-water reducing environment, and lower aquatic organisms were dominated and some high-level plants were involved in the organic matter input. The source rocks from Member E2s1 are characterized by extremely low content of Pr/Ph, the lowest C28- 4-methyl steranes, relatively high dinoflagellate steranes, lower rearranged steranes,abnormal C33 homohopanes, high gammacerane index, low oleanane and high dehydroxylated vitamin E, which demonstrates that these source rocks were formed in the hyperhaline and strongey reducing sedimentary environment, and the low-level aquatic organisms were dominated in the organic matter input. The changes of the biomarkers maturity parameters of hydrocarbon source rocks with depth were analyzed, and the results indicate that the evolutions of maturity parameters in different formations were different, which were probably caused by the sedimentary burial history and sedimentary environments. Therefore, different criteria should be built to evaluate the maturity parameters of source rocks and oil.
    A New Method to Quantificationally Identify the Unconformity Structures in the Buried Areas of Rift Basins: Taking the unconformity in the Eogene period of Jiyang Depression as an Example
    WANG Xue-jun1,2, YANG Chang-chun1
    2010, 16(1):  73-79. 
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    In the research on formation of oil and gas reservoirs, especially for the stratigraphic unconformity reservoirs, one of the key problems is quantificational identification of the unconformity structures which should not be ignored. It is very difficult to solve this problem in the buried areas of rift basins because of limitation in research in this aspect at present time. The present paper studied the developing characteristics of unconformity structures in the Eogene period of Jiyang Depression, subdivided the unconformity structures into three types (typeⅠ1, typeⅠ2 and type Ⅱ). These types can be quantificationally identified by core sample testing in the laboratory. As each structure layer of unconformity has an echo in logging data, this paper established a synthetic delamination curve on the basis of selected well logging data and confirmed the location of unconformity surface in the curve by using optimum partition. Using the GR, AC and SP well logging curves, two principle components (PC1 and PC2) curves were constructed. Furthermore, combining the calculated results of PC1 and PC2 with the information of geological research and characteristics of tested core samples, a standard plate of principle components for quantificational identification of unconformity structure types was set up. The above-mentioned method has a good effect on the exploration of stratigraphic oil and gas reservoirs in the Jiyang Depression.
    Enrichment and Cultivation of Natural Methanogen and Simulation of Biogenetic Gas Generation from Brown Coal Samples
    WANG Ai-kuan1, QIN Yong1, 2, LIN Yu-cheng3, LAN Feng-juan1, YANG Song1
    2010, 16(1):  80-85. 
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    Using the method of anaerobic glove chamber culture, active anaerobic bacteria were successfully enriched and cultivated in brown coal samples collected from Zhaotong Basin, Yunnan Province. Simulation experiments of biogenic gas for 60 days were further conducted to analyze the generation regularities, substance compositions and genetic mechanism of biogenic gas. The results showed that in all three brown coal samples there existed active anaerobic bacteria, among which cellulose decomposition bacteria were in majority and sulfate-reducing bacteria were very few, which means that the biochemical circumstances in the brown coal-seams of Zhaotong Basin were reductive and favourable for the growth of methanogen. The biogenic gas generation experienced through three stages: the very slow growing stage, the evidently increasing stage and the slowing down again stage, which indicated that methanogen had high density and activity in the second stage after the slow reproduction first stage. It is considered that the differences in gas generation amount and processes among three brown coal samples were probably resulted from the initial quantities of the active methanogen and maceral composition in the coal. It is proposed that there were at least two peaks of biogenic gas generation from the brown coal. Stimulated biogenic gas was mostly composed of CH4 and CO2, in which CH4 was predominant and heavy hydrocarbons were hardly detected. All the mean values of δ13C1 and δD in the methane produced from three coal samples were found to be in the normal distribution ranges compared to those of biogenic methane.
    Structural Framework and Evolution of Xihu Sag in East China Sea Basin
    SONG Xiao-yong CHU Cheng-lin RUI Zhi-feng
    2010, 16(1):  86-93. 
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    Xihu sag is a Cretaceous-Tertiary basin which experienced multi-episodic tectonism. Complicated tectonic styles and geological structures were generated by multi-episodic rifting and inversion. Zonation in latitudinal direction and blocking in longitudinal direction is the main feature of the Xihu sag. Faults developed in synrift phases formed several structural styles: the fault terraces, grabens and horsts were generated in the western slope belt; fracture assemblages in the central depression belt were the complex Y-type fractures, feather fractures and flower-like fractures; while in the eastern fault terrace belt the Y-type fractures, comb-like fractures and feather fractures were generated during the phase of inverted tectonism. The synrift faults developed in early phase formed several structural styles, such as backwash imbricated structures and posthumous imbricated thrusting structures. Combined with tectonic styles analysis, the control effects of evolution of the basin and the process of sediment filling to trap development are discussed, which is an important guide to the petroleum prediction of hydrocarbon enriched sag.
    Vertical Stratigraphic Succession and Distribution Characteristics of Cenozoic in the Qingdong Sag
    HUANG Zheng,WU Zhi-ping, LI Wei,GUO Xin-an
    2010, 16(1):  94-102. 
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    The present authors made multiple stratigraphic division of tectonic layers and lithostratigraphic study for the Cenozoic of the Qingdong Sag using the materials of lithology, well logging, seismdata, palaeobiology and regional geology.The Cenozoic in the study area can be divided into two tectonic layers: the Paleogene and the Neogene to Quaternary. The Paleogene comprises Kongdian Formation, Sha-4 Member, Sha-3 Member, Sha-2 Member from bottom to top and without Sha-1 Member and Dongying Formation. The development characteristics of strata in the Qingdong Sag are similar to the Dongying Sag except the incompleteness in vertical stratigraphic succession. Combining with drilling calibration and interpretation of seismic cross sections, remnant strata thickness isograms of four tectonic sub-layers in the Paleogene were drawn and the distribution characteristics of these strata were analyzed. The analysis shows that the thickness and distribution orientation of the remnant strata changed greatly and regularly which reflects the differences of basin sedimentary filling and tectonic evolution in different geological times. The possible causes of absence of Sha-1 Member and Dongying Formation in the Qingdong Sag were preliminarily discussed: The migration of the mantle plume high spot from the southern part of the Bohai Bay Basin towards the Bohai Sea in the Cenozoic might result in absence of sedimentation in this area in the late Paleogene. It could be proposed that the Qingdong Sag was uplifted and subjected to erosion in the period of Sha-1 Member and Dongying Formation according to the fact that the material source in the northern part of the Kendong area was derived from the southern part during this period.
    On the Time Elapsed from Magma Emplacement to Crystallization-Solidification of Granites and Its Tectonic Implication: Taking the Qitianling Granite Batholith of Nanling Range in Sourth China as an Example
    ZHANG Bang-tong,WU Jun-qi,LING Hong-fei,CHEN Pei-rong
    2010, 16(1):  103-118. 
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    From the geological-geochemical features of the Qitainling granite batholith, the depth of emplacement (5.5 km ),temperature of country rocks (196 ℃) and initial temperature of granite melt (950 ℃) during its emplacement are obtained.With these parameters a mathematic model calculating the emplacement age of the Qitainling granite batholith is established in this paper. Model calculation results suggest that the cooling time (Δt col ) for the Qitainling granite batholith from its initial temperature to crystallization temperature was 4.1 Ma, and the prolongation time (Δt L ) caused by latent heat generated from crystallization was 2.6 Ma. Since the radioactive elements of the Qitainling granite batholith (U,15.3×10-6;Th, 51.35×10-6;K2O, 5.02 % ) are as high as 2~3 times of those of the world average granite (U,5×10-6;Th, 20×10-6;K2O, 2.66 %) , the prolongation time (Δt A ) caused by radiogenic heat from the decay of the radioactive elements was 35.4 Ma , which is much longer than the Δt A value calculated for the world average granite (2.93 Ma). Therefore, the time elapsed from the magma emplacement to the crystallization-solidification (Δt ECTD), which should be the sum of Δt col , Δt L, and Δt A, was 42.1 Ma for the Qitainling granite batholith. In combination with zircon U-Pb age of the granite (161 Ma) representing the crystallization age, the emplacement age of the Qitainling granite batholith is estimated to be 203.1 Ma. This suggests that the emplacement of the Qitainling granite magma was in the Indo-Sinian Period.

    On the Time Span between Emplacement Age and Zircon U-Pb Age of the Mesozoic Granites in Nanling Range, South China:A Discussion with Prof. Zhang Bangtong et al
    ZHU Jin-chu, WANG Ru-cheng, LU Jian-jun, ZHANG Wen-lan
    2010, 16(1):  119-123. 
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    From the view-points of petrographyic micro-structures of the Mesozoic granitic bodies in the Nanling Range, South China, existing experimental results on liqiudus and solidus temperatures of granites, zirconium saturation temperature data,geometric features of granitic bodies and their contact relationships with sedimentary rocks, it is proposed that the crystallization temperatures of zircon in this region are relatively high. The time span between the emplacement ages of granitic magmas and the zircon U-Pb ages of granites might be not very large, and possibly within the range of experimental errors of the zircon U-Pb dating. Consequently, the zircon U-Pb ages may approximately represent the emplacement ages of the corresponding granitic magmas.