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    20 June 2014, Volume 20 Issue 2
    A Comparative Analysis of Evaporite Deposition on Earth and Mars
    ZHENG Mianping, KONG Weigang, CHEN Wenxi, KONG Fanjing , ZHANG Xuefei
    2014, 20(2):  169. 
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    To date, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides have all been detected by orbital remote sensing and surface explorations by landers and rovers, although the salt mineral assemblages on Mars demonstrated differences from those on Earth. In this paper, we will give a brief review of recent observations and studies on Martian salts. On the basis of the comparison of salt sediments on Earth and Mars, we propose that potassium salts might be widespread on Martian surface and subsurface. Besides, we found a positive correlation between the GRS results of the potassium distributions on the Martian surface and the distribution of chlorides on Mars, implying the brines in the regions where the chlorides deposited may have reached the concentration for the deposition of potassium salts, and potassium salts might be prevalent in these regions.

    Fluid Inclusion Petrography:A Discussion
    LU Huanzhang
    2014, 20(2):  177. 
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    Petrographic microscopy of a rock and mineral sample is the first and at same time essential step of any fluid inclusion study. Fluid inclusion is a paleogeofluid trapped in minerals. To distinguish the primary and secondary fluid inclusions is an essential step, then a proper interpretation of fluid inclusions can be made only when textural relationship between fluid inclusion and the host mineral and rock are considered. This is the major subject for fluid inclusion petrography. A few methods to describe the essential part of fluid inclusion petrography are included.

    Study on Sandstone Petrologic Feature of the Zhiluo Formation and Its Controls on Uranium Mineralization in Northeastern Ordos Basin
    YI Chao,HAN Xiaozhong,LI Xide,ZHANG Kang,CHEN Xinlu
    2014, 20(2):  185. 
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    In this paper, we examine the composition and content of interstitial material and the microscopic structure characteristics through the microscopic observations, scanning electron microscopy analyses combined with XRD data of the lower member of the Zhiluo Formation in Nalinggou and Daying areas. The microscopic characteristics were identified and preliminary discussion on the differences of sandstones from the two areas were made to establish the relationship between the microscopic characteristics of ore-hosting sandstone and uranium mineralization. Research results show that there is certain difference between the clastic composition and the interstitial material in Nalinggou and Daying areas. The sandstones in Nalinggou area have higher detrital content and lower cement and clay content as compared to that in Daying area. On one hand, Nalinggou area is located closer to the provenance as compared to Daying area, leading to the disintegration of feldspar. On the other hand, the differences of microscopic characteristics in ore-hosting sandstone resulted from the difference in the intensity of diagenesis that was caused by the depth of the lower member of the Zhiluo Formation. As mentioned above, we consider that Nalinggou and Daying areas experienced the same uranium ore-formation process as Zaohuohao area. The uranium mineralization can be divided into two stages, i.e., the early main mineralization and later reconstruction enrichment. And the green color of the sandstone came from the chlorites formed by the asending reduction fluids. In the process of mineralization, uranium minerals and calcite were precipitated simultaneously. The study results provide a theoretical basis for the uranium exploration in the northwest of Dongsheng area.
    Large-scale Low-temperature Mineralizations in WesternHunan-Western Hubei Lead-Zinc Deposits
    ZHOU Yun DUAN Qifa, CAO Liang, LI Fang, HUANG Huilan
    2014, 20(2):  198. 
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    Studies on fluid inclusions in sphalerite, calcite, dolomite, and quartz from Shizishan lead-zinc deposit, Limei lead-zinc deposit, Naizibao lead-zinc deposit, Chatian lead-zinc deposit, Dagoudong lead-zinc deposit, Dongjiahe lead-zinc deposit, Tangjiazhai lead-zinc deposit in western Hunan, Bingdongshan lead-zinc deposit and Aizigang lead-zinc deposit in western Hubei, through the analysis of homogenization temperatures, salinity, gas compositions, liquid compositions by heating/freezing system, Laser Raman and Ion Chromatography, show that the temperature of ore-forming fluid is 80-230°C, the salinity is always greater than 15%, the density is greater than 1g/cm3, and the mineralization pressure is about 223×105-777×105Pa. The ore-forming fluid is highly concentrated solution containing mainly sodium and calcium chloride. It belongs to the low temperature, high salinity, high density and mineralized underground hot brine. The cations in ore-forming fluid are mainly Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+. The composition of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes show that the origin of ore-forming fluid is related to construction water, with possible infiltration of rainwater and little metamorphic water. There is organic matter in the fluid inclusions. CH4 is widespread in the fluid inclusions. Mineralization is probably related to organic matter. The organic matter in the ore-controlling structure leads to the reduction of sulfate and the deposition of lead and zinc ore. The homogenization temperatures of ore-forming fluid from typical lead-zinc deposits in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou district is 90-280°C. The studied lead-zinc deposits in western Hunan and western Hubei show similar low temperatures and MVT. The lead-zinc deposits in both regions may be controlled by the same tectonic dynamics.
    Characteristics of the Wolframite Mineral Series and Implications for Metallogeny of the Woxi Au-Sb-W Deposit in Hunan Province
    CHEN Aiqing,TANG Panke,LI Guowu,XING Wangli
    2014, 20(2):  213. 
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    Through field observations in the Yu er shan and Hong yan xi ore section of the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit in Hunan Province, we find that the ore structure of wolframite series occurs mainly as bands and veinlet, and is disseminated in less abundance. The texture is mainly subhedral-allotriomorphic lath. The results of x ray diffraction show that their phases are ferberite and their cell parameters are a0: 4.7454Ao , b0: 5.7160Ao , c0: 4.9753Ao , β: 90°13′. The results of EPMA show that the content of MnO is in the range of 0.97%~11%, with FeO in the range of 13.65%~23.36% and WO3 in the range of 71.39%~76.87%, including both high content and low content of MnO that varies continuously. From the deep to the shallow ore section, the content of MnO increases and forms the “reverse zone”. Crystalline formula is calculated to be (Fe0.57~1.02Mn0.46~0.04 ) W0.98~1.00O4. Correlation analysis of FeO and MnO shows that the correlation coefficient is -0.98; WO3 and MnO correlation 0.47; WO3 and FeO correlation coefficient is -4.10. The content of Nb and Ta of wolframite mineral series is low, suggesting possible sedimentary reworked hydrothermal genesis of the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit.

    Metallogenic Potential of Copper and Nickel Mineralization in the Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks in Dashantou, Beishan, Gansu Province
    WANG Xiaohong,YANG Jianguo,WANG Lei,XIE Xie
    2014, 20(2):  222. 
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    In order to study the ore-forming potential of mafic-ultramafic rocks with Cu-Ni sulfide in Dashantou, Beishan,Gansu Province, we have conducted the field investigation and comprehensive comparison, and made the following achievements : (1) the Dashantou rock was emplaced in Precambrian middle-deep metamorphic clastic rocks and gneissic granite, and is characterized by many episodes of magmatism. Early stage was dominated by the fine-grained gabbro rock foundation and the olivine, gabbro-two pyroxene peridotite mafic ultramafic rocks become dominant in later period. Rocks were differentiated obviously, and the Cu-Ni mineralization of lherzolite completely (Cu content 0.08%-0.46%, Ni content 0.2%-0.37%); (2) The major and trace elements have the characteristics of arc ultramafic basic magma (such as lack of high field intensity elements Nb, Ta, Ti, Hf , Y and P, enrichment of large ion lithophile elements Ba, Rb, Th, U, K and La); (3) Magnetic anomaly and rock surface mineralization are uniform. The results of electric conductivity show that the mineralization in deep rock is better.(the maximum value of the magnetic field strength 600nT, apparent polarizability (ηs) shows a maximum value of 7.5%-12.1% ); (4) the geochemical characteristics are similar to those of Jinchuan, Kalatongke, Hongqiling deposit, and the Heishan deposit in Gansu Provice. Therefore, Dashantou is expected to become the Cu-Ni sulfide deposit with reserve scale not less than that of the Heishan deposit.
    Identification of the Potassium-rich Member in Carbonate Platform and Its Response to the Gamma Ray Well Logging from the Perspective of Cyclostratigraphy: A Case Study in Triassic of Guangan Area,in the Central Sichuan Basin
    GONG Daxing, ZHOU Jiayun, CHEN Kegui, LI Chunmei, LI Meng
    2014, 20(2):  230. 
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    To identify favorable salt-and potash-forming layer, we mainly rely on logging interpretation and coring verification. The continuously carbonate platform shows cyclical growing and recorded valuable information about the facies transition of carbonate rocks, which was synchronized with the relative sea-level cycles. This paper presents a method to preliminarily judge favorable potassium-rich intervals. By using natural gamma ray logging data and numerical simulation, high-frequency sedimentary cycles could be identified effectively from the sedimentary record. Then, we can inverse the distribution model and stacking patterns of these cycles, restore the ancient relative sea-level trends, and finally deduce the favorable salt- and potash-forming phases from the low-stand depositional system. On the basis of these principles, a case study has been taken in the Triassic strata of the Guang’an area, in the central Sichuan Basin. Our result show that the interval between the Fifth Member of the Jialingjiang Formation to the First Member of the Leikoupo Formation is the most potential salt-and potash-forming layer, which is consistent with the potassium-rich layer recognized in the drill cores. It shows that this method could effectively identify potassium rich layer from the marine carbonate platform.
    Crustal Structures Inferred from Gravity Modeling and Stretching Model in the South of South China Sea
    CHENG Zihua,DING Weiwei, DONG Chongzhi,FANG YinXia,TANGYong
    2014, 20(2):  239. 
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    Studies on the crustal structures of the continental margin could contribute our understanding of the evolutionary history of the South China Sea (SCS). With gravity modeling works based on two newly acquired composite geophysical profile starts in the south of the South China Sea, we reconstruct the crustal structures in this area and discuss the stretching model. NH973-1profilestarts from the SW sub-basin of the SCS, and crosses the northern part of the central Nansha region. The NH973-2 profile lies in the more east and runs across east of the Reed Bank. Gravity modeling shows that the Moho depth is about 10~11km under the sea basin, and 15~21km under the southern margin. A sharp change from the sea basin to the continental margin could be observed. The thickness of the crust in the sea basin is between 6~7km, acting as typical oceanic nature. The crust in the Nansha region is extremely attenuated with thickness between 16 and 19km. Detailed analyses show that (1) a deeper Moho exists under the relic spreading ridge of the SW sub-basin; (2) a gravity high in the E sub-basin closed to the Reed Bank, which might be caused by the mixing of oceanic crust and deep magma; (3) the upper crust of Nansha region may have a high density zone, and on the lateral lithological features changes laterally. The crustal structures in the Nansha region and Reed Bank act similar features, and no high velocity layer has been found under either area. We suppose that the southern margin of the SCS should have experienced magma-poor rifting. Stretching factors were calculated along two profiles. The results indicate that fault-related stretching factors were different from the whole crust stretching factor. It suggested that the southern margin might have experienced non-uniform extension.
    Meso-Cenozoic Structural Deformation and Tectonic Stress Fields in the South Margin of Qinshui Basin
    WANG Ying, ZHANG Qinglong, ZHU Wenbin, WANG Liangshu, XIE Guoai, GE Rongfeng LIU
    2014, 20(2):  249. 
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    The southern margin of Qinshui basin has mainly experienced three periods of tectonic activities since the Mesozoic: Indosinian, Yanshanian, Himalayan. Palaeotectonic stress field data have been obtained by analyzing the striation, buckle fold, and conjugated joint system in outcrop. In the east, the thrust compressing structure is evident within the NNE trending Taihangshan Fault Belt and the associated asymmetrical anticline shows 110° trending compression. In the central, the EW trending normal fault and graben system were probably produced by the SN trending compression in Indosinian and the subsequent tectonic inversion in the Cenozoic. The Cenozoic extension is very significant and the extension azimuth is 26° , 249° and 347° , respectively. The nearly SN striking faults composite the west boundary of the Qinshui basin, striation evidence of the nearly WE and the NEE-SWW trending extension has been gained and the extension azimuth is 94° and 72° . NNW-SSE, NW-SE, NE-SW, NEE-SWW and nearly SN striking conjugate joint systems exist in our study area. NW-SE trending horizontal compressive tectonic stress field of Yanshanian and NE-SW trending horizontal compressive tectonic stress field of Himalayan could be gained by the conjugated joints systems. The nearly EW trending horizontal compressive tectonic stress field was probably formed during the process of the conversion of the two main tectonic stress field.
    Numerical Simulation of the Tectonic Stress Field and Tectonic Evolution Pattern of the Eastern Section of North Qaidam
    SHANG Lin, DAI Junsheng, YANG Xuejun , XIA Ruijie
    2014, 20(2):  260. 
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    In order to analyze tectonic evolution of the eastern section of North Qaidam from the Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic and explore the reasons for the lack of Carboniferous-Jurassic strata, this study uses the finite element method to simulate tectonic stress field of Indosinian (Triassic), Early Yanshanian (Jurassic), late Yanshanian (Cretaceous) in the eastern section of North Qaidam. The characteristics of principal stress and shear stress distribution of this area in different periods have been analyzed. According to the Coulumb and Griffith fracture principles, the ancient structures have been predicted and the reasons for the lack of strata have been identified. The results are as follows. The eastern section of North Qaidam formed two rows of nearly east-west trending anticline in Triassic, which was affected by the uneven distribution of the principal stress and dextral shear of Indosinian orogeny. It resulted in the erosion of strata in various regions from Carboniferous to Permian. Under the action of tensile stress field of early Yanshanian in Jurassic, the fault basin evolved into a depression basin from the Early-Middle Jurassic to the Late Jurassic. The Ounan area, which was an inherited uplift, had not deposited. The stress field gradually transformed from tensile into compression in late Yanshanian during the Cretaceous, leading to tectonic inversion and revival of thrust faults. As a result, the mountains such as Lvliang, Xitie, Amunike, Olongbluk uplifted under the control of reactivity of thrust faults and the Mesozoic basin evolution in the eastern section of North Qaidam ended.
    Interpretations of Bouguer Gravity Anomaly with the Method of Wavelet Multi-scale Decomposition(WMD) in Songliao Basin,Northeast China
    LI Changbo, WANG Liangshu, SUN Bin
    2014, 20(2):  268. 
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    The Songliao Basin is one of the typical basins among the NE China Basin Groups. The main structural trending of gravity anomaly field is NNE to NE, and the study area shows a significant feature of deep collage-type pattern. Accordingly, the region is divided into five subregions with different features of gravity anomalies. The gravity field of NE China Songliao Basin is separated, using the WMD method with the 4th separation order, the apparent depth of the anomalies in each order is determined using the Logarithmic PSA. The shallow high-frequency anomalies are then removed to obtain the regional gravity anomalies. Through the hierarchical analyses, we learned the characters of the irregularity of the shallow crust, basement, and the crustal deep interfaces, and identified 14 depressions of the basement while drawing a depth map of Moho discontinuity. The geophysical characteristics of Songliao Basin reveal its deep structures, which provide an important basis for oil-gas exploration and studying tectonic evolution
    The Study of Tectonic Inversion, Evolution, and Superposition of Yinchuan Basin
    HOU Xubo, YIN Kemin, LIN Zhongkai, HAN Xiuyan, CHEN Wei
    2014, 20(2):  277. 
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    The tectonic inversion of Yinchuan Basin was studied from inversion evidence, inversion period, and inversion intensity. In addition, the evolution and superposition of Yinchan Basin were discussed. The results show that the tectonic inversion of Yinchuan Basin was confirmed by development of negative inversion structures, the difference in distribution characteristics of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic-Palaeozoic formation, existing of extension and extrusion structural style. The extrusion and uplifting period of tectonic inversion is Late Jurassic, and the extension and subsidence period is from Oligocene to Neogene. The inversion intensity is stronger in the northern and western regions of the basin than in the southern and eastern regions. Yinchuan Basin has experienced six stages of evolution and superposition since Mesozoic, including integral subsidence from Triassic to Early-Mid Jurassic, extrusion uplifting and uneven denudation in Late Jurassic, again subsidence in early Cretaceous, integral uplifting denudation from Late Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic, rapid faulting related depression from Oligocene to Neogene, and integral depression in Quaternary.
    Discovery of the Jurassic Strata in the North-East Sag of South Yellow Sea
    GAO Shunli,ZHOU Zuyi
    2014, 20(2):  286. 
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    Based on the newly drilled well S1 and seismic data in north-east sag, northern depression, South Yellow Sea, this paper analyzed the seismic reflective features and lithology of the well S1 in detail. In order to constrain the age of the target strata, paleontological and Sporopollen study is carried out for core samples. Based on the result of these studies and the regional correlation, it is proposed that the target strata are Middle-Late Jurassic in age. From lithologic association and Sporoplllen assemblages, the drilled strata can be divided into two parts, the upper one is dominated by Gymosperm pollen especially Classopollis and the lower one has high contents of Cyathea spores and Classopollis. According to the well-seismic calibration, the 2D seismic interpretation is tracked throughout the sag, it is showed that the Jurassic strata in this sag get increasingly thicker from southeast to northwest in sedimentary framework. We suggested that the Qianliyan uplifted zone in the north side of the sag may be the main provenance for the Jurassic strata.
    Quantitative Prediction of Tectonic Fractures of Jurassic Sandstones in the Eastern Kuche Depression
    ZHAN Yan, HOU Guiting, SUN Xiongwei, JU Wei, SHEN Yinmin,ZHAO Wentao, REN Kangxu
    2014, 20(2):  294. 
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    The Jurassic low-porosity and low-permeability sandstone is an important reservoir of Yinan-Tuzi area in Kuche Depression. Well-developed tectonic fractures serve as important migration pathways and accumulation spaces, and their nature and distribution are the key to guiding further exploitation. Most fractures without filling veins are supposed to develop after the Miocene, on the base of the analysis of fossil stress field evolution and the nature of filling. On the basis of previous acoustic emission studies and rock mechanical tests, a 3-D finite elemental simulation on the tectonic stress field of Kuche depression was made to predict the distribution of tectonic fractures in Yinan-Tuzi area, considering several factors such as geologic setting, geometry of strata, and faults etc. With the constraints of 14 segments of wells, the modeling result showed that the distribution of tectonic fractures is controlled by several aspects such as different rock fracture mechanics for each layers, the shape of fault, and the curvatures of strata. Among all layers, the formation of Lower Jurassic has the highest density of fractures, within which the density in the southwest area towards Well Yinan 2 reaches more than 1.5 m-1on average and decreases gradually eastward.
    Technique and Application of Reverse Time Migration of Fractured-vuggy Carbonate Reservoir
    YANG Jiangfeng, LIU Dingjin, ZHU Wenbin,GUAN Da, HU Zhongping, WANG Ruzhen
    2014, 20(2):  303. 
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    The lower-middle Ordovician carbonate is buried below the depth of 5000 m in the South-West Tarim Basin and the carbonate reservoirs developed in a small scale and are mainly fractured-vuggy type. The accuracy of imaging in this area is difficult. The pre-stack reverse time migration (RTM) established based on the GPU platform is used to improve the accuracy of imaging in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in this area. Both RTM and tradition pre-stack time migration are implemented to a 3D seismic data processing in an area of 562 km2 in study area. The comparison of the imaging results between reverse time migration and traditional prestack time migration by seismic profiles, coherency attribute and the rate of amplitude change show that the RTM method improves the local imaging in complex tectonic zone, and RTM method is obviously in a dominant position of the description of fractured-vuggy reservoirs and “string beads”.
    Geochemical Characteristics and Oil-source Correlation of the Mesozoic Crude Oils in the Southern Ordos Basin
    ZHANG Hailing, DENG Nantao, ZHANG Zhihuan, HE Yonghong, WANG Fubin, LIANG
    2014, 20(2):  309. 
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    Samples of the Mesozoic source rocks, crude oils, and oil-bearing sands in the southern Ordos Basin were collected systematically. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed on the saturated hydrocarbon fractions extracted from these samples in order to discuss their biomarker characteristics and the origin of Mesozoic crude oils. The results show that, on the basis of biomarker source parameter distribution, the Mesozoic source rocks can be divided into five types ( type A1, A2, A3, A4 and B), and crude oils can be grouped into three types (I,IIandIII). Type I crude oils should be derived from Chang 7 oil shales (type A1) that were deposited in a reducing, deep lacustrine environment. Type II crude oils should be sourced from Chang 7 dark mudstones (type A2) laid down in a sub-reducing to reducing, deep or semi-deep lacustrine environment. Type III crude oils should be sourced from Chang 7 dark mudstones (type A3) laid down in a sub-reducing to reducing, semi-deep lacustrine environment, but probably also be sourced from Chang 8 or Chang 9 dark mudstones. Apparently, oil shales in Chang 7, as the main source rocks in the southern Ordos Basin, contributed significantly to the crude oils in this area.
    Multi-parameter Technology on the Study of Flow Units Division and Their Distribution in Deep-water Turbidity Channel Reservoir
    WAN Qionghua, WU Shenghe, WANG Shi, WANG Xing, LIN Yu, ZHANG Jiajia,ZHAO Qianhui
    2014, 20(2):  317. 
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    Taking the deep-water channel reservoir of Niger delta in West Africa as example, this study shows how the multi-parameter technology was applied to discriminate different flow units in deep-water turbidity channel reservoir. By selecting mud content, porosity and permeability for considering parameters and by cluster analysis, we divided four kinds of flow units (A, B, C, D) of the deep-water turbidity channel reservoir in the Neger delta. Meanwhile, we established the model of flow units in the method of cluster analysis. Based on the model analysis, we interpreted the flow units in the single well and discussed their spatial distribution of flow units. Our study shows that the reservoir quality of flow units (A and B) distributing in the middle of channels are the best. The distribution characters of flow units in single channel may be different due to different development of deep-water turbidity channel.
    DNAPL Saturation Measurements and Analysis in 2-D Porous Media
    GUO Jian,YE Shujun*,XIAO Anlin,ZHOU Qiyou,XU Janping
    2014, 20(2):  324. 
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    Light transmission visualization (LTV) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods are used to quantify dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) saturation in a two-dimensional (2-D) sand box with two fluid phase systems of water and DNAPL. The media are uniform and saturated. Infiltration experiment of DANPL is conducted in the 2-D sand box. Meanwhile, Charged Coupled Digital (CCD) camera and LCR Digital Bridge are used to monitor the movement of DNAPL. The LTV model is applied to calculate the saturation of DNAPL in this study. To get the spatial distribution of DNAPL saturation in ERT method, one needs to transform the resistance to resistivity, and then use the empirical formula “ Archie Formula”. A new method was proposed to calculate the value of β, which is the only parameter in “Archie Formula”. The new method is much simpler and more convenient in comparison with the traditional ways. The amounts of DNAPL infiltration are calculated based on the spatial distribution of DNAPL saturation at different times, which agree with the observations well. The experiment results show that ERT method coupled with LTV method could quantitatively monitor the migration of DNAPL in saturated porous media, and the new method to obtain the value of β is applicable.
    Application of Small Baseline Subsets D-InSAR Technology to Estimate the Time Series of Land Subsidence
    WANG Yanxia, SHI Zhaoliang, CAO Min, LIU Bo
    2014, 20(2):  333. 
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    At present, the geological disasters of ground subsidence occur in many cities of China, which are particularly severe in the Yangtze River Delta region where subsidence has long duration, large-scale causing huge economic losses. Wuxi is one of the typical cities of the large-scale land subsidence in Yangtze River Delta. In this article, we use ten ALOS PALSAR images, the time series of land subsidence of Wuxi city from January 12, 2007 to March 10, 2011 is estimated using the small baseline subsets D-InSAR technology. The results show that obvious subsidence occurred in the Hui Shan area, and the settlement in other areas is relatively stable with the average settlement about 15 mm; The settlement spatial pattern changed during 2007-2009, but the settlement rate increased from 2009 to 2010. Experiments prove that the short baseline subset (SBAS) interference in long time series of large-scale subsidence monitoring is feasible and effective. The results of monitoring ground subsidence provide an important scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation, and enable policy makers to make the right decisions. In the meantime, we can also trace the history of engineering activities according to the subsidence.