中国煤矿储量丰富，部分矿区煤及矸石中含有大量的含硫矿物，煤层开采后氧化还原条件变化，化学组分释放并进入水环境，造成地下水或地表水污染。该文基于中国高硫煤矿地下水化学组分的实地测试数据和调研数据，对潜在危害指数法、综合评分法和Hasse图解法进行结合和改进，筛选出中国煤矿区地下水中的特征污染物，筛选结果表明酸性地下水特征污染物为Mn、Ni、Fe、Se、SO₄^2-、Al、Co、Cd和As；非酸性地下水特征污染物为SO₄^2- 、Mn、Ni、Fe、Pb、Co和Cd，其中硫酸盐在强酸性条件下和弱碱环境中出现2个峰值，尤其在强酸条件下含量普遍较高，最高达17870 mg/L。Fe、Mn、Al、Co、Zn和Ni一般在酸性环境中较高，随着pH值的升高而逐渐降低，表明碱性条件不利于这类重金属元素在地下水中富集。矿区地下水中SO₄^2-浓度与Fe、Mn、Al和Zn离子浓度存在一定程度的正相关，表明：部分SO₄^2-与Fe、Mn、Al、Zn离子可能共同来源于硫化矿物氧化。

China has abundant coal reserves, and some mining areas contain a large amount of sulfur-containing minerals in coal and gangue. After coal seam mining, the redox conditions change, and chemical components are released and enter the water environment, causing groundwater or surface water pollution. This article is based on field testing and research data on
the chemical composition of groundwater in high sulfur coal mines in China. The potential hazard index method, comprehensive scoring method, and Hasse graphical method are combined and improved to screen for characteristic pollutants in groundwater in coal mining areas in China. The screening results show that the characteristic pollutants in acidic groundwater are Mn, Ni, Fe, Se, SO₄^2-, Al, Co, Cd, and As; The characteristic pollutants of non acidic groundwater are SO₄^2-, Mn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Co, and Cd.Among them, sulfate shows two peaks under strong acidic conditions and weak alkaline environments, especially under strong acidic conditions, with a generally high content of up to 17870 mg/L. Fe, Mn, Al, Co, Zn, and Ni are generally higher in acidic environments and gradually decrease with increasing pH, indicating that alkaline conditions are not conducive to the enrichment of these heavy metal elements in groundwater. There is a certain degree of positive correlation between the concentration of SO₄^2- in the groundwater of the mining area and the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Al, and Zn ions, indicating that some SO₄^2- and Fe, Mn, Al, and Zn ions may jointly originate from the oxidation of sulfide minerals.