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    20 April 2019, Volume 25 Issue 2
    Research Advances on the Formation of Giant Granite Zones and the Genetic Linking with Assembly-breakup of Continents
    SHU Liangshu,WANG Bo
    2019, 25(2):  161. 
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    Focusing on the genetic relationship between the giant granitic zones and geotectonics, this paper have reviewed previous
    researches about the assembly and breakup of global supercontinent, and summarized the research progress in the formation and
    evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Columbia, Neoproterozoic Rodinia, Late Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic Gondwana and Late
    Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic Pangea Supercontinents. Based on the geological data collected from major tectonic units in China (South
    China, Tarim, North China blocks, Tibet, etc.), then we have a general understanding of the multiphases continental assembly and
    breakup events, including their major features, diachronous evolution as well as the relationship to the formation and distribution of
    giant granite belts and mineral resources. The significances of supercontinent cycling for the giant granite zones and the mineral
    resources are discussed. In addition, some weak aspects in the previous researches are discussed, and perspectives for possible
    innovations and breakthroughs in the coming future have also been proposed.
    The Hualiangting-Mituo Ductile Shear Zone in the Dabie Mountains:Implications for Oblique and Differential Exhumation of Ultrahigh-pressure Metamorphic Slices
    XU Xiang,WANG Qin
    2019, 25(2):  182. 
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    Exhumation processes of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks are critical for evolution of continental collision
    boundaries. The south-dipping Hualiangting-Mituo shear zone is the boundary between the South Dabie low-temperature/UHP zone and
    the Central Dabie mid-temperature/UHP zone. It is characterized by SE-trending stretching lineation, and nearly equal thrust and strike
    slip components. The lattice-preferred orientation of quartz from the Hualiangting-Mituo shear zone was determined using the electronic
    backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Most samples show the top-to-NW shear sense due to the fast SE-ward exhumation of the
    Central Dabie mid-temperature/UHP zone. However, some samples developed the top-to-SE shear sense because of intrusion of granitic
    domes and regional extension in the Early Cretaceous. A summary of petrological and geochronological data in the Dabie Mountains
    reveals the decreasing U-Pb zircon ages of the prograde metamorphism and UHP peak metamorphism from south to north. The South
    and Central Dabie UHP zones experienced coeval high-pressure eclogite facies metamorphism at 215~225 Ma and greenschist facies
    metamorphism at 191~195 Ma. The relatively younger 40Ar/39Ar ages of muscovite and biotite near the Tanlu fault may be affected by
    ductile activation of the Tanlu fault. The isobaric and isothermal contours of the peak metamorphism in the South and Central Dabie
    UHP zones are oblique to the trend of the Hualiangting-Mituo shear zone, suggesting oblique exhumation of UHP rocks. We proposed
    that the South Dabie low-temperature/UHP zone was first exhumed towards SE as a tectonic slice at ~236 Ma, which was followed by fast
    exhumation of the Central and North Dabie UHP zones. The relative motion (i.e., different exhumation rates and oblique exhumation
    angels) between these UHP metamorphic slices was adjusted by ductile shear zones.
    Research of Major Controlling Factors on Favorable Reservoir of the Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks in Xiquan Area, Junggar Basin
    MA Shangwei,CHEN Chunyong,LUO Jinglan,WEI li,LIU Yong,DAI Jingjing,WANG Chong
    2019, 25(2):  197. 
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    The distribution of the Carboniferous volcanic reservoir is controlled by many factors in Xiquan area, east Junggar Basin.
    Comprehensive research on the pore distribution characteristics, major controlling factors and pore evolution of volcanic rocks was
    conducted by analysis of core observation, casting thin sections, physical properties, integrated with the imaging logging and oil test
    data. The result shows that high value area of physical properties mainly distributes at 3 intervals under the top of the Carboniferous
    unconformity: 0-50 m, 70-115 m, 130-155 m, and the distribution of favorable reservoirs are controlled by lithology of volcanic rock,
    weathering and leaching, and tectonic activities. The influence of lithology on reservoir performances depends on the volcanic eruption
    intensity and lithofacies types of volcanic rocks, and mineral compositions, textures, and mechanical property of rocks. The factors of
    weathering and leaching mainly controlled the formation of secondary pores of andesite and dacite and favorable reservoirs under the
    unconformity surface of 0-50 m. Fractures generated by tectonic activities played a major role in controlling the formation of volcanic
    breccia favorable reservoirs under the unconformity surface between depths of 70-115 m and 130-155 m. Formation and evolution of
    volcanic reserving pores includes 3 stages: syndiagenetic stage, epidiagenetic stage and burial diagenetic stage,different diagenetic
    stages have different effects on pore evolution.
    Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Early Paleozoic Volcanic Rocks in Eastern Segment of the Bainaimiao Arc, and Their Geological Significances
    YANGZeli,LIUYang,TENGFei,WANGWenlong,WANGShuqing,HUXiaojia,GUOShuo,HEPeng
    2019, 25(2):  206. 
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    The Bainaimiao arc occurs along the southern margin of Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt and was considered to have been formed
    by the subduction between paleo-Asian Ocean and North China Craton. It is the key area for reconstructing the tectonic history of the
    Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB), however, most of previous studies mainly focused on the western part of the Bainaimiao arc and
    show less concern on the eastward extension. This study carries out systematic investigations on the Paleozoic volcanic rocks newly
    found in the eastern segment of Bainaimiao arc, aiming to constrain the tectonic evolution of Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt. The volcanic
    succession can be divided into an intermediate-basic sequence and a felsic sequence. All the volcanic rocks are enriched in Cs, Rb,
    Th, U and LREE, depleted in Nb, Ta, and with variable Eu anomalies. Geochemical results suggest that the intermediate-basic rocks
    were derived from a lithospheric mantle modified by the slab-derived melt, and sedimentary materials were also likely involved in the
    source. While the felsic rocks were formed by partial melting of lower crust which had been metasomatized by subduction slab fluids.
    Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating shows that the ages of felsic and the intermediate-basic rocks are 430.5 Ma and 417.6 Ma,
    respectively. Felsic volcanic rocks were formed under the Paleo-Asian Ocean subduction setting, and the intermediate-basic rocks
    were likely generated in a post-collisional setting with signatures of lagged arc-type volcanic rocks. Zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the
    eastward extension of Bainaimiao arc was formed later than the western segment, and with a low degree of metamorphism and
    deformation, reflecting that the two flanks of the Bainaimiao arc might have underwent different evolution history and an eastward
    closure trend of the Paleo-Asian Ocean is thus inferred.
    Geochemical Characteristics and Its Geological Significance of Lacustrine Dolomitic Mudstones in Yingejing Depression, Inner Mongolia
    XIANG Long,LIU Xiaodong,LIU Pinghui,DAI Chaocheng
    2019, 25(2):  221. 
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    Based on the geochemical analysis of lacustrine dolomitic mudstones in the upper Bayingebi Formation of the Lower
    Cretaceous in Yingejing Depression, Bayingebi Basin, Inner Mongolia, its geological significance, source rock properties, and
    paleo-depositional environment have been investigated. The results show that dolomitic mudstones are characterized by the enrichment
    in Ca, Na, Sr, U, V and depletion in K, P, Ba, Rb, Sc, Th, Zr. The total REEs contents vary significantly (59.29×10-6~283.80×10-6) with
    differentiation of LREE and HREE, which reveals a moderately strong negative Eu anomaly (average value 0.616) and Ce normality
    (average value of 1.01). Tectonic discrimination diagrams and features of Eu jointly indicate that source rocks of dolomitic mudstones
    were in a continental island arc and active continental margin setting. The pattern of REE distribution and diagrammatic diagramming
    of source rocks suggests that dolomitic mudstones are mainly composed of felsic rocks from upper crustal feldspar rocks. Vertically,
    upper Bayingebi Formation was deposited in a salty lacustrine environment with drought, anaerobic and strong partial reduction. And
    paleoclimate, paleosalinity and redox index changed obviously in the middle and lower parts of upper Bayingebi Formation. Meanwhile,
    a relatively wet-cold depositional process had appeared during the warm, dry environment of K1b2-1. The paleosalinity and redox
    environment were also coupled with the evolution of warm-dry and cold-wet environment, that is, a brief oxic environment existed in
    the anaerobic and strongly reduced, salty lacustrine environment.
    Geochemistry of Paleogene Continental Oil and Gas in the Tahe Oil Field and Their Ultra-long Distance Migration and Accumulation Model, Tarim Basin
    HAN Qiang,PU Renhai,YU Renlian,GUORui,WULiming
    2019, 25(2):  232. 
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    The Paleogene oil and gas in the Tahe oil field were concluded to be continental in origin according to the physical
    properties and geochemical characteristics, including saturated hydrocarbon chromatography, molecular biomarkers and carbon
    isotopes. This is in sharp contrast to the marine oil and gas in the Tahe oil field. Combined with previous results of source rock in the
    Tabei area, it is concluded that the Paleogene oil and gas were originated from the Triassic and Jurassic source rocks in the Kuqa
    depression. Abundant oil and gas sources in the Kuqa depression provide material foundation for the Paleogene oil and gas
    accumulation in the Tahe oil field. The Cretaceous and Paleogene have dipped toward the Kuqa Depression in the northern Tarim
    Basin, being affected by the collision of the India block in the Himalaya period. This provides the structural condition for oil and gas
    migration southward. Source rocks in the Kuqa depression reached high maturity during the sedimentary period of the late Kangcun to
    early Kuqa formations. The oil and gas generated from the Kuqa depression migrated to the Paleogene trap along the southern flank
    slope. The unconformity between Paleogene and Cretaceous in the Tabei area is an important channel of the long-distance lateral
    migration in the northern area. The migration distance could be over 100 km in straight line. The Paleogene mudstones in the Tabei
    area act as good regional cap rocks. A variety of elements cooperate with each other to form a long-distance oil and gas accumulation
    pattern of the Tahe oil field. As such, distribution of the Paleogene reservoirs in the Tahe area was explained reasonably by the
    hydrocarbon accumulation model in this work. This enhances the understanding of the petroleum migration and accumulation laws in
    the region, and will be helpful to extend the exploration of Cenozoic clastic rocks in the Tabei area.
    Geochemistry of Hazardous Trace Elements in the Deeply-buried Group A Coal Seam from Huainan Coalfield, Anhui, China
    HAO Xuanwen, ZHENG Liugen,LIU Meng,ZHANG Weixiang,CHEN Yeyu
    2019, 25(2):  242. 
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    Samples of coal, gangue, roof and floor rocks were collected from the deeply-buried group A coal seam from Huainan
    coalfield, Anhui, China. The concentrations of thirteen hazardous trace elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass
    Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to investigate the distribution characteristics of hazardous trace elements in the deeply-buried group A coal
    seam of Huainan coalfield. The occurrence of hazardous trace elements in the deeply-buried group A coals were analyzed by the Tessier
    five-step morphological extraction method and correlation analysis. The results show that, (1) Compared with the average contents of
    various trace elements in the Chinese upper continental crust, the calculated enrichment coefficients of B, As, Se and Cd are all greater
    than 1 in the deeply-buried group A coal seam from Huainan coalfield, indicating relative enrichment; the concentrations of B, As, Se
    and Cd in the deeply-buried group A coals seam of Huainan coalfield were relatively higher than those in the upper part of the Group B
    coals of Huainan, Northern China coals and Chinese coals. (2) Correlation analysis and Sequential extraction experiments show that
    most of the trace elements in the group A coals mainly existed in the residual form and Fe-Mn Oxide binding state, and the sum of
    quality fractions ranged from 55%~98%. Ni, Mo, Cd, Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn mainly occurred in sulfide minerals, whereas Mn occurred in
    carbonate minerals. V, Cr, Se, B and As mainly occurred in clay minerals such as aluminosilicate. (3) Deposition environment of the
    deeply-buried group A coals was traced by boron and the results show that the deeply-buried group A coals was formed a brackish
    water-influenced sedimentary environment. Concentration of trace elements in the deeply-buried group A coals could be explained by
    the stable salt water sedimentation environment and the influence of seawater
    The Application of the Multi-beam Echo Sounding Technique in Tecto-geomorphic Interpretation of Mid-ocean Ridges
    SONG Juechen,LI Jianghai,LEI Yuting,LUO Yi
    2019, 25(2):  251. 
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    It is of great significance to understand the evolution of geological structures of mid-ocean ridges with the surface
    morphology of the ocean floor near a mid-ocean ridge. Because of thin sedimentary cover, the structure and distribution of ocean floors
    directly reflect the lithospheric characters of oceanic crusts and the expansion of mid-ocean ridges. Multi-beam echo sounding
    technology plays a vital role in ocean explorations because it is one of important methods in marine scientific research, benthonic
    resource exploitation, and ocean engineering construction. The multi-beam terrain data provide a more convenient way to study ocean
    floor structures near mid-ocean ridges. In this paper, we use different expansion rates of ridge near 50 m precision of multi-beam terrain
    data, based on the multi-scale space analysis method, using different sliding windows and automatic threshold recognition and
    extraction of terrain near mid-ocean ridges to the maximum, minimum curvatures and slopes, and the structures of the mid-ocean ridges
    according to this interpretation. For mid-ocean ridges in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, two quantitative analysis of the test
    results show that, based on the terrain surface curvatures and slopes of the mid-ocean ridge, the structural interpretation method is
    effective and feasible and the results for the mid-ocean ridge tectonic style interpretations provide an important reference. However, in
    comparison, application to slow spreading of mid-ocean ridges with 50 m accuracy is better than that of the rapid spreading of
    mid-ocean ridges, which may be related to the size of faults and the development law of different rifting rates.
    Structural Modeling for Complex Thrust Belts Based on Integrated Seismic and Non-seismic Data: A Case Study of the Kedong Structural Belt in the Piedmont of Western Kunlun Mountains
    WU Hongxiang,ZOU Lejun,ZHANG Yuqing,LI Chunyang,YANG Shaomei,CHENG Xiaogan,ZHANG Fengqi
    2019, 25(2):  259. 
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    The Kedong structural belt is one of the key areas to reveal the deformation processes of thrust belts in the piedmont of
    western Kunlun Mountains, as well as an important target area for petroleum exploration at present. Because of strong structural
    deformation, fast change in seismic velocity across strata and complex surface conditions, the present exploration faces problems of
    poor-quality seismic data, resulting in multiple interpretations of structural modeling. This work uses R factor dimensionality reduction
    method to analyze the inversion of gravity, magnetic and electrical data of Fusha area in the Kedong belt. The results show that there is a
    fault block structure beneath Fusha area and seismic image does not show an anticline structure. Meanwhile, together with the seismic
    interpretation, we propose that the Fusha fault block structure was a result of an earlier complete anticline reworked by a dextral strike-slip
    fault in the Early Pleistocene. The practice of comprehensive modeling in the Kedong structural belt shows that the integrated method of
    seismic and non-seismic data can provide a powerful tool to understand the complex deformation processes in a complex thrust belt.
    Fault-related Fold and Its Application to Madong Fold and Thrust Belt
    WANG Bin,WANG Wei,ZHU Lichun,YIN Hongwei,QU Yang,JIA Dong,LI Changsheng
    2019, 25(2):  268. 
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    Madong fold and thrust belt is one of the best preserved fold and thrust belt forming in Early Paleozoic, and also the
    hot-point of the oil and gas exploration in Tarim Basin. The erosion in the anticline of the thrust cause the low resolution of the seismic
    data, which make the structural model and deformation mechanism of Madong fold and thrust belt confusing. The fault related folding
    theory established the quantitive relationship between fold geometry, fault geometry and fault slip, which is an efficient method for
    building the fold geometry using known fault shape. Madong fold and thrust belt is a well natural example for the application of the fault
    related folding, with well constrained fault geometry and eroded anticline. We introduce the geometric and kinematic models of
    fault-bend fold and fault propagation fold, and apply these two models to the typical structure in Madong fold and thrust belt. Using the
    geometric relationship of fault-related fold, we build two probable models of Madong fold and thrust belts for fault-bend fold and fault
    propagation fold, respectively. Considering the coincidence of the models with seismic data and drilling data, the fault-bend fold is the
    most suitable model for the geometric and kinematic model of Madong fold and thrust belt, and the influence of structural model on
    hydrocarbon traps is also discussed.
    Study on Stress Sensitivity of Ordovician Fractures in Hetianhe Gas Field, Tarim Basin
    FENG Jianwei,SUN Zhixue,WANG Yandong,SHE Jiaofeng
    2019, 25(2):  276. 
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    To investigate the stress sensitivity of carbonate reservoir as well as its effect on oil and water productivities, seven rock
    samples from the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation of the southwestern Tarim Basin were selected for sensitive experiment.
    Based on the experimental results and mathematical derivation, the relationship between stress-strain and fracture aperture of rock was
    established. Spatial distribution of fracture aperture under various confining pressure and pore pressure was simulated through finite
    element method. Results show that effective stress and fracture aperture change rate have a good inverse nonlinear proportional
    relationship. Along with the increase of confining pressure, the fracture aperture decreases continuously, with a fast decreasing rate at
    the initial stage (0-0.8 MPa). This indicates that the stress sensitivity of rocks is strong. To a high pressure (2.6 MPa or 5.4 MPa), the
    aperture changes only a little, implying that the stress sensitivity is weakened under high stress and the plastic deformation is obvious.
    With the decrease of confining pressure, the fracture aperture tends to be opened till to a zero pressure, but the aperture cannot be
    restored to the initial state. This is indicative of certain plastic deformation. In the next few years, with continuous and rapid exploitation
    in the Hetianhe Gas Field, the effective stress will increase, the fractures will tend to be closed and the productivity will decline.
    However, along with discontinuous mining or manual well shutdown, the effective stress above the gas-water interface will still decrease
    and the fractures tend to be closed. In contrast, the effective stress below the interface will increase, fractures tend to be opened and
    bottom water rises to destroy the gas reservoir production. As such, we suggest that a fine study on the fracture distribution and the main
    controls for fracture stress sensitivity must be carried out when shaping development plan for fractured carbonate gas reservoir.
    Meanwhile, reasonable development model and producing rate should be developed and taken.
    Base-level Cycles and Its Effect on Sandbody Distribution in Baikouquan Formation, Ma18 Block in Junggar Basin
    LU Zhiyuan,MA Shizhong,ZHANG Jing, ZHU Jian,ZHOU Heng,WANG Li,ZHANG Fang,ZHU Yue
    2019, 25(2):  287. 
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    The Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation is one of the main reservoirs in the Xinjiang Oilfield. Using the basic principle of
    base-level cycles of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, we systematically analyze the evolution of all base-level cycles and
    high-resolution sequence stratigraphic model in the Baikouquan Formation of the Ma 18 block based on core data of 4 wells, and
    logging and well-logging data of 122 wells. Results show that one long-term, three medium-term and eighteen short-term base-level
    cycles were classified. Fan-delta front subfacies change to pro-fan delta subfacies from bottom to top during the Baikouquan period.
    Based on the analysis of single sand body within the base-level cycles, it is indicated that at the bottom of the Baikouquan Formation,
    the ratio between the growth rate of the accommodation space and the sediment supply flux is far less than 1.0 (A/S ≤ 1). As such,
    channel sand body distributes contiguously mainly on progradation, and the configuration is in the form of cut-overlay type. In contrast,
    in the middle of the formation, with the rise of base-level, the ratio of A/S increases and the sand body is distributed by contact. At the
    upper part, the lacustrine level rises, while dynamic of river is weak. The sand body retrogrades back, and far bar appears. Sand body is
    distributed separately. Favorable reservoir sand bodies are formed by underwater distributary channel during the mid-early phase of
    long-term cycle. The lacustrine mudstones formed by late lacustrine transgression provides good cap rocks for hydrocarbon traps.
    Genetic Types and Exploration Prospect of Coalbed Methane in Jiergalangtu Depression, Erlian Basin
    TAO Junjie,SHEN Jian,WANG Jinyue,LI Yepeng,LI Chao
    2019, 25(2):  295. 
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    Geochemical characteristics and genetic identification of low-grade coalbed methane are important foundations for
    exploration targets. The origin of coalbed methane in Erlian Basin is discussed by dissecting the composition of gas and water in
    coal-seam wells and the characteristics of carbon and hydrogen isotopes. The results show that methane content in coalbed methane
    components is 93.41%, and the content of heavy hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide is low, indicating a typical dry gas. The carbon
    isotope values of methane are between -62.5‰ and -60.1‰, and the hydrogen isotope values are between -275.1‰ and -270.2‰.
    The carbon isotope values of carbon dioxide range from 5.1 to 6.2‰, suggesting that it is biogas. Coal bed water originated from
    atmospheric precipitation, showing weak alkalinity and low salinity. The gas and water isotope characteristics of coalbed methane wells
    indicate that about 97% of biogas in the study area was formed by carbon dioxide reduction. The biogas reservoir is an important
    exploration target for coalbed methane in the Jiergalangtu depression. The suitable groundwater environment is a key factor in the
    exploration targets.
    Influence of Sand Mixing Ratio on the Shrinkage Characteristics of Buffer/Backfilling Materials in High-level Radioactive Waste Geological Disposal
    LI Shengjie,TANG Chaosheng,ZHANG Qi,WANGDongwei,SHI Bin
    2019, 25(2):  302. 
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    The shrinkage characteristics of bentonite-sand mixtures have a significant impact on the long-term safety and stability of
    HLW repositories. Taking Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite-sand mixture as the research object and quartz sand as additive, the shrinkage
    characteristics of the sample during drying and water loss at 0-50% sand mixing ratio are explored. The results show that: (1) The water
    evaporation in the mixture is divided into the normal rate stage, the deceleration rate stage and the residual stage, and sand mixing ratio
    has a significant effect on each evaporation stage. (2) For the bentonite-sand mixtures, the effect of sand mixing ratio on the shrinkage
    limit is not significant, but the shrinkage strain decreases with the increase of sand mixing ratio. When the sand mixing ratio is greater
    than 30%, the shrinkage coefficient of soil sample decreases with the increase of soil mixing ratio. (3) The diametral shrinkage is greater
    than the axial shrinkage, showing obvious anisotropy. And the diametral shrinkage makes greater contribution to the volume shrinkage.
    (4) With the increase of sand mixing ratio, the soil sample is more easily to enter the unsaturated state from the saturated one, and the
    final void ratio also increases continuously
    Stratigraphical Framework and Geochronology of the Jurassic-Cretaceous in Jiangxi Province and Northern Guangdong Province
    WU Jianhua,WEI Changxi,GUO Hengfei,GUO Guolin,LIU Shuai
    2019, 25(2):  309. 
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    Based on the degree of stratigraphical development and characteristics of rock associations, the Jurassic-Cretaceous strata
    in Jiangxi Province and Northern Guangdong Province can be subdivided into northern, central and southern district bounded by the
    Pingxiang-Guangfeng fault and Sannan (Quannan, Longnan and Dingnan)-Xunwu fault. Based on the unconformity and rock
    associations and the assumption that “Group” corresponds to volcanic or sedimentary cycles, the northern stratigraphical district can
    be subdivided into Linshan Group, Huobashan Group, and Guifeng Group; the central stratigraphical district can be subdivided into
    Linshan Group, Wuyi Group, Luotang Group, and Guifeng Group; the southern stratigraphical district can be subdivided into Yutian
    Group, Wuyi Group, Xingning Group, and Nanxiong Group. According to the lithology and lithofacies and the assumption that a
    formation corresponds to a sedimentary lithofacies or volcanic lithofacies association, the Linshan Group can be subdivided into
    Shuibei Formation (Fm) and Luoao Fm; the Yutian Group into the Shuitoujing Fm, Changpu Fm and Hangang Fm; the Wuyi Group into
    Shuangfengling Fm, Ehuling Fm, and Shixi Fm; the Xingning Group into Heshui Fm and Yousheng Fm; the Luotang Group into the
    Baibu Fm, Zhoutian Fm, and Dengjia Fm; the Huobashan Group into the Qiujia Fm, Tiantaishan Fm, Lengshuiwu Fm, and Zhoujiadian
    Fm; the Guifeng Group into the Hekou Fm, Tangbian Fm, and Lianhe Fm and the Nanxiong Group into the Dafeng Fm, Zhutian Fm,
    and Zhenshui Fm. Fossil data and zircon U-Pb ages show that the Yutian Group and Linshan Group belong to the Early Jurassic-early
    Middle Jurassic, the Wuyi Group to early Early Cretaceous, the Huobashan Group to middle Early Cretaceous, the Luotang Group to
    late Early Cretaceous, the Xingning Group to early Late Cretaceous-early Late Cretaceous, the Guifeng Group and the Nanxiong Group
    belong to late Late Cretaceous. The contrast in lithology and lithofacies, together with zircon U-Pb age data of the volcanic rocks , the
    volcanic series belong to the Wuyi Group of the early Early Cretaceous in the Lengshuikeng mining area, and the volcanic series of the
    original the Wuyi Groupis belong to the Longtouzhai Group of the Late Ordovician-early Early Silurian in Shixing (Guangdong
    Province)-Quannan (Jiangxi Province).