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高校地质学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (3): 306-316.DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2021034

• 固体地球科学领域重点实验室联盟实验技术与应用年会十周年纪念专辑 • 上一篇    下一篇

电子探针微量元素分析的一些思考

李小犁   

  1. 北京大学 造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室,北京 100871
  • 出版日期:2021-06-20 发布日期:2021-06-21

Several Perspectives on Microprobe Trace Elements Analysis

LI Xiaoli   

  1. The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution MOE, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Online:2021-06-20 Published:2021-06-21

摘要: 电子探针分析具有快速、无损、微区、原位、高精度、高准确度、高分辨率,高灵敏度的技术特征,是现代科学发展研究中非常重要的技术手段。电子探针定量分析结果反映的是物质中原子的个数信息(摩尔含量),而非原子的“ 重量”或“ 质量”,因此判断数据的合法性及准确度的重要依据应该体现在原子比值上,而非简单的总量值是否在100±2 wt% 范围。物质(矿物)中的微量元素含量大都具有标型意义,能够反映出重要的(地质)成因环境,是物质科学重要的研究分析对象。电子探针分析具有的技术特征是进行(原位)测试微量元素的最佳手段。然而在实际工作中,微量元素的测试往往面临着若干技术上的困难和一些不可回避的缺点,尤其是在采用波谱仪进行定量分析的时候,测量的精度、准确度、可靠性、以及可重复性都需要进行专业的、细致的、全方位的实验条件设置考量,同时进行大量的条件实验来验证。一般来说,除了可以简单地通过增加激发能量(加速电压、束流强度)和延长测量时间来获得较高的检测极限和较低的标准偏差外,还需要注意至少四个方面的内容:(1)波谱仪中分光晶体的选择;(2)元素特征峰峰位重叠的识别与背景值的影响;(3)探测器中PHA 滤波功能的启用;以及(4)标准物质的正确选择和标定。在数据合法性与客观性研判上,面临最小测试样本数量的问题,可以引入统计学中的迭代计算方法来进行评估,对均质样品中某微量元素的平均含量问题给予比较客观的判断。

关键词: 电子探针, 微量元素, 波谱仪, 标准物质, 迭代计算

Abstract: Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) is a quick, non-destructive and in-situ technique with high precision, accuracy and sensitivity that is very powerful in micro domain chemical analyses. It is a fundamental research method in modern sciences.
EPMA quantitative analysis acquires element abundance in “quantity” instead of any “weight” or “mass” reflection, thus, it is
more appropriate to use atom proportion and/or atom ratio to examine the result’s correctness, but not simply depend on the mass total in the range of 100±2 wt%. The trace element in material (mineral) is of great importance as a typomorphic indicator for particular (geologic) genetic environment, which serves a key research subject in material science. EPMA is the best approach in (in-situ) analyzing trace elements considering its performance advantages. However, in practice, the trace element measurement often faces various technical difficulties with several unavoidable flaws, particularly with wavelength spectrometer measurement. The measurement’s precision, accuracy, reliability and reproducibility require professional, scrupulous and all-around attentions on analytical condition setting, which should be tested by multiple conditional analyses. Usually, to acquire optimal detection limit and low standard deviation, a simple approach is to set high initial energy (accelerate voltage, beam current) and long measurement time. In the meantime, at least other four major factors should also be paid attention to such as (1) analytical crystal selection in spectrometer, (2) characteristic X-ray spectrum interference and overlap identification and background value adjustment, (3) PHA function initiation and (4) standard material selection and standardization. In the last, we also need to answer the question about how many analyses data are required to ensure the validity and objectivity, i.e. the minimum measurement. It is suggested to apply iterative calculus from statistic mathematics in each measurement task, especially for studies with average content of trace elements in homogeneous samples.

Key words: EPMA, micro elements, WDS, standard, iterative calculus

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