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    Types and Characteristics of Geoheritage Resources in the Shungeng Mountain, Huainan, Anhui Province
    ZHANG Zikang, GU Chengchuan, WU Jiwen, ZHAO Ming, ZHAN Run, SHAO Qingqing, ZHANG Yuanyuan
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 89-99.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022063
    Abstract996)      PDF (4598KB)(751)       Save
    The Shungeng Mountain in Huainan, Anhui Province, is tectonically located in the southern thrust-napped belt of the Huainan Coalfield within the North China Craton (NCC) and hosts many natural and artificial exhumed geoheritages. According to the field geological survey, 62 major geoheritage sites have been identified in the Shungeng Mountain, which can be divided into 3 major categories, 8 categories and 14 subcategories. Among them, typical Cambrian-Ordovician sections of the NCC, karst topography, fault structures and mining heritages are well developed and are of high scientific research and ornamental value. Based on the previous studies, the genesis and regional geological background of these geoheritages in the Shungeng Mountain are discussed, which provide a theoretical basis for the proper exploitation of the geoheritage resources. In light of the problems existing in the protection and exploitation of geoheritage resources in the Shungeng Mountain, this paper puts forward suggestions for long -term planning.
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    Zinc Isotopes in Environmental Geochemistry: A Review
    CHENG Wenhan, WU Meng, ZHAO Yanli, ZHAO Junzhe
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 312-321.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024036
    Abstract1174)      PDF (827KB)(618)       Save
    Zinc is one of the essential trace elements for life activities, but in excess, it can cause environmental pollution, ecological toxicity, and harm to human health. Therefore, the study of the environmental geochemical behavior of zinc is the basis for the scientific and rational use of zinc, and it is also a research hotspot in related fields. Zinc has five stable isotopes, and the
    isotopic composition of zinc varies from different sources. The determination of zinc isotope composition in different  environmental samples provides a new means for studying the environmental geochemistry of zinc. In recent years, with the development of multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), the study of zinc isotope environmental geochemistry has covered chemical weathering, pollution tracing, paleoclimate reconstruction, and biological processes, and new research fields are constantly expanding. The article provides a detailed overview of zinc isotope analysis methods and their current research status in environmental geochemistry, and looks forward to the future development of zinc isotope environmental geochemistry, in order to promote further development in this field.
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    Predicting Permeability of Porous Media from Pore Structure Features of Slices by Machine Learning
    MENG Yinquan, JIANG Jianguo, WU Jichun
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 1-11.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022088
    Abstract1348)      PDF (3148KB)(558)       Save
    Using machine learning models to predict the permeability of porous media is one of the key research directions of current pore-scale models. Since three-dimensional porous media data cannot be directly applied to classical machine learning models, it is necessary to perform feature extraction on the pore s pace structure. Deep learning, as the advancement of classical machine learning models, has achieved many successes in predicting permeability from three-dimensional digital images of porous media, but the computational cost is quite high. This study extracted pore structure features of slices of porous media, converting digital images into multidimensional vectors and serving as input to machine learning models. While reducing the amount of input data and greatly improving the training efficiency, the models maintained excellent prediction performance, where the long short -term memory (LSTM) neural network achieved the best results.
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    Comparison of Gravel Layers along the Yangtze River between Yichang and Wuhan
    WANG Heyuan, WANG Zekun, GU Siying, YANG Shuoxuan, ZHAO Ziyao, CHEN Xu
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 47-55.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022091
    Abstract1241)      PDF (2101KB)(480)       Save
    Several thick gravel layers are widely distributed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, providing useful clues for tracking the evolution of the Yangtze River. Previous studies mainly focused on the chronologies and sedimentary characteristics of gravel layers in local sites, while comparison of gravel layers among different regions has not been extensively investigated. In this study, eleven profiles of gravel layers in Yichang and Wuhan were explored, the morphology and lithology of 1616 gravels were analyzed. Furthermore, geochemical composition of silty sediments intermixed in gravel layers were measured in order to explore the provenance of the sediments, in combination with regional geological conditions. The results show that the dominant inclinations of gravels in the gravel layers of Yichang and Wuhan are different. Gravels in the Yichang gravel layers mainly consist of granite, sandstone, conglomerate and some siliceous rocks. Gravels in Wuhan are dominated by quartzite, with a small amount of flint. Silty sediments in the gravel layers of Yichang are relatively enriched in Ca and Sr, while those in Wuhan are relatively enriched in Fe and Al. Comparison of gravels and silty sediments in the two regions shows that the provenances of gravel layers in the two regions are different. Detritus from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are important sources of the gravel layers in Yichang, while the gravel layers in Wuhan are sourced from the Dabie Mountains. The results of this study provide new evidence for improving our understanding of the provenances of gravel layers in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
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    Synthesis Technology and Application of Red Mud Based Layered Double Hydroxide
    JIANG Yimei, SHEN Zhengtao
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 12-21.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022065
    Abstract1480)      PDF (1410KB)(473)       Save
    Red mud is a highly alkaline waste produced in the process of refining alumina from bauxite. Due to the rapid development of the aluminum industry, the annual discharge of red mud in the world has seriously exceeded the environmental load, resulting in huge disposal pressure and pollution risks. Therefore, the efficient utilization of red mud as a resource is imminent. The preparation of layered double hydroxide (LDH) from red mud is a circulating route, and has the potential for large-scale industrialization. This paper reviews the research progress of red mud based LDH synthesis technology and application. It is found that the main synthesis processes include co-precipitation, calcination-hydration and mechanochemical methods. The synthesized red mud-based LDH type is affected by bauxite composition and smelting technology. Significant impact. Red mud based LDH is typically used as an absorbent to remove inorganic pollutants and capture CO2, and it is also a new environmentally friendly halogen-free flame retardant additive. Red mud based LDH is also an excellent photocatalyst, and the introduction of impurities(Fe2O3) in red mud leads to the local construction of heterostructures, which is beneficial to the separation and transfer of photosensitive electrons and holes. Finally, this paper puts forward the following prospects: (1) In the context of carbon neutral targets, the preparation of red mud based LDH meets the sustainable development goals such as “circular economy” and has practical potential for large-scale

    application, and the synthesis and application research should be vigorously promoted; (2) It should focus on how to further optimize the synthesis process, improve yield, enhance sustainability (such as introducing other wastes as divalent metal sources), improve synthesis specificity, and reduce the environmental risk of red mud-based LDH in the application process; (3) Understand the relationship between LDH properties and its performance, and exploit the advantages of the heterostructure of red mud based LDH achieve a more efficient a pplication.

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    Research on Ecological Restoration Mode of Abandoned Open Pit Mines along the Yangtze River
    WAN Jiajun, XIA Yinfeng, SHAO Yong, ZHOU Qigang
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 110-117.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023036
    Abstract992)      PDF (2142KB)(427)       Save
    The ecological restoration of the Yangtze River Basin has been an important part of China’s environmental protection work in recent years. This paper proposes ecological engineering mode, land reclamation mode, landscape reconstruction mode, and natural restoration mode of ecological restoration, based on the current situation of abandoned open-pit mines in the Yangtze River Basin (within Jiangsu province) and a large number of practical restoration experiences. The characteristics and applicability of these four Modes are elaborated, providing a reference for the ecological restoration of abandoned mines. An abandoned open-pit mine ecological restoration project along the coast of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province was introduced in detail as an example. The main issues in the development of geological disaster risks, the destruction of ecological environment and landscape, and the waste of land resource are identified through the analysis of ecological environmental problems. The ecological restoration of the abandoned mine was carried out successfully following the ecological engineering mode, resulting in good ec ological, social, and economic benefits.
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    Evalution of Water in Lunar Interior and Water Ice on Lunar Surface
    WU Yanwei, HE Jiafeng, WANG Guoguang
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 165-177.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023013
    Abstract1375)      PDF (2755KB)(417)       Save
    In the process of lunar exploration, water, as the source of life and an important propellant material for future interstellar travel, is one of the most concerned resources. Since United States Apollo and Soviet Union Lunar projects, the paradigm of “no water” on the Moon has been widely accepted for a long time. In this paper, the research progress on lunar interior water and surface water, the origin of lunar water, the evaluation of water resources, and the methods of exploitation and utilization are systematically reviewed. In recent years, the exploration of water resources on the lunar surface and the in-depth study of water content in lunar samples have revealed that the Moon may contain more water than that previously believed. Not only the interior of the Moon contains relatively abundant water, there are also considerable water resources in the polar region of the Moon. The origin of water on the Moon mainly includes original water that was not degassed during formation and differentiation of the Moon, water from asteroids and comets, and water from solar wind hydrogen implantation. It is estimated that the amount of water ice on the lunar surface is about 14.28 billion tons, and the amount of water caused by solar wind implantation on the lunar surface is about 340,000 tons, which will provide important resources for the construction of lunar bases and deep space exploration in the future. At present, a variety of development and utilization schemes have been proposed for the utilization of lunar water resources, including Thermal Mining of Water Ice on the Moon, Lunar Polar Propellant Mining Outpost (LPMO), The Combined System for Drilling and Extracting Lunar Water Ice and so on.
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    Mountain Building and Silicate Weathering: A Review and Perspectives
    LI Shilei, CHEN Yang, CHEN Jun
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 336-344.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024024
    Abstract1368)      PDF (913KB)(404)       Save
    The relationship between mountain uplift and climate change has been a prominent focus of research in recent decades. Since the emergence of the famous “uplift-weathering “ hypothesis in the 1980s, which suggests that tectonic uplift of
    mountains drives climate change over millions of years through silicate weathering, significant attention has been directed towards this concept. Extensive continental denudation and weathering records have been established to test this hypothesis. Despite the majority of these records aligning with the hypothesis, the presence of alternative interpretations complicates direct hypothesis testing. Consequently, numerous studies have explored contemporary weathering processes to better understand this relationship. However, these studies have unveiled that weathering in mountainous regions is not primarily controlled by physical denudation processes and is unlikely to fluctuate in response to tectonic activities. This challenges the fundamental premise of the “upliftweathering” hypothesis. This paper conducts a comprehensive review and analysis to elucidate the reasons for this contradiction. Moreover, it examines the potential of non-local weathering in floodplains as a novel weathering mechanism to resolve this inconsistency. Additionally, it delves into the opportunities and challenges within the realm of non-local weathering research. 
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    Oceanic Lithium Cycling and Implications for Carbon Cycle
    CAO Cheng
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 269-287.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024022
    Abstract1376)      PDF (3114KB)(372)       Save
    How the carbon cycle influences the atmospheric carbon dioxide level is of a major concern for Earth’s habitability.The oceanic lithium (Li) cycle can be used to trace carbon cycle because both cycles are controlled by chemical weathering,
    hydrothermal-seafloor interaction, and marine clay authigenesis which also known as reverse weathering. The variations in
    seawater Li isotope compositions posit changes in the sink and source processes such as continental weathering intensity and/or rate as well as reverse weathering rate. This paper reviews the global cycle of oceanic lithium and the mass balance for seawater lithium isotopes, focusing on the present-day fluxes and associated isotope fractionation mechanisms. Challenges still remain to better constrain the budgets as well as isotope fractionation factor especially in hydrothermal alteration and reverse weathering. The review also extends to the use of seawater li isotope records in tracing carbon cycle during climate events and critical time periods in the earth history. Collectively, this review highlights the potential as well as limitations of utilizing seawater Li isotope records to trace global carbon cycle in deep time. 
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    Changes in Oceanic Ba Cycle Driven by the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event
    WEI Wei, SUI Peishan, CHEN Tingting, HUANG Fang
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 288-296.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024009
    Abstract1443)      PDF (946KB)(371)       Save
    The late Neoproterozoic witnessed an increase in the atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels, namely the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event (NOE), likely resulting in the naissance and radiation of metazoans and the establishment of complex ecosystem. Oceanic oxygenation could change oceanic chemistry, such as species and valence states of Fe, C, and S, and the biogeochemical cycle of Ba in the ocean is strongly controlled by the S species and sulfate concentration. This review introduces how the NOE changed the oceanic Ba cycle: (1) Before the NOE, the oceanic sulfate concentration was low and the oceanic Ba cycle was conservative; (2) during the NOE, the oceanic sulfate increase led to excess Ba enrichments in sediments and formation of massive barite deposits; and (3) after the NOE, the ocean kept over-saturated relative to barite until the terminal Paleozoic and the Ba cycle was controlled by biological productivity afterwards. In addition, this review suggests to use Ba isotope system to reconstruct the oceanic Ba concentration, and indirectly to estimate the oceanic sulfate concentration (oxygenation extent) during the late Neoproterozoic.
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    Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation Effect between Zn-containing Minerals and Aqueous Solution in Contaminated Soils
    HE Hongtao, GU Yifan, XING Lecai, WANG Yanfang, YANG Yang, CAI Xingping, HE Yuyang
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 297-311.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024006
    Abstract1302)      PDF (1441KB)(342)       Save
    Zinc (Zn) isotope fractionation, resulting from multiple physicochemical processes under Earth’s surface conditions, confounds the source identification of pollutants. The determination of Zn isotope fractionation factors between typical Zncontaining minerals and aqueous solutions in contaminated soils is crucial to trace Zn sources using isotopic tools. In this study, we used density functional theory based first principles calculations to investigate the most stable geometries of Zn-containing species, including hydrated Zn 2+ complexes, Zn in hydroxy-interlayered minerals (Zn-HIM), Zn-rich phyllosilicates (Talc), Zn-layered double hydroxide (Zn-LDH), and surface adsorbed Zn 2+. Based on these optimized configurations, we calculated the equilibrium isotope fractionation factors between the aforementioned structures and Zn2+ in aqueous phases. Our results showed that adsorbed Ⅵ Zn 2+ is slightly enriched in 64Zn (Δ66/64Zn=-0.29‰~-0.20‰ ), while adsorbed Ⅳ Zn 2+ is enriched in 66Zn (Δ 66/64Zn =0.45 ‰~0.73‰ ). Secondary mineral phases are evidently enriched in 66Zn (Δ 66/64Zn=0.51‰~1.11‰ ), if Zn transferred to stable crystalline precipitates. Using obtained fractionation factors, we successfully simulated the evolution trends of Zn isotope composition under the influence of single pollution sources (electroplating waste, sphalerite ore, emissions and metallurgical sludge) in equilibrium and Rayleigh fractionation modes. By comparing with available isotope data, these trends facilitate to find out the main source of Zn in contaminated soils.
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    Research on the Construction of Achievement Platform of Fine Reservoir Description of Oilfield Development
    CHEN Huanqing, CHEN Shunxin
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 100-109.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022084
    Abstract865)      PDF (4469KB)(337)       Save
    Fine reservoir description is one of the most basic works in oilfield development and has always been attached great importance to researchers. At present, the critical problems in fine reservoir description mainly include five aspects: poor inheritance of research results, non-standard storage of basic data, large gap of professional software demand, strengthening the application of the results and non-standard management of the results. Through the construction of fine reservoir description achievement platform, the above problems can be solved from the aspects of basic data preparation, professional software sharing, collaborative research, and standardized storage management of results standards. The fine reservoir description data management mainly includes the statistics and analysis of the overall data information of the project, the collation and statistics of the project research data, the docking of the achievement platform with other data platforms and the data call. The fine reservoir description collaborative research process mainly includes the platform implementation and use of professional software, the conversion and call of intermediate results between different professional software, and the automation implementation and completion of research work. The storage and management of fine reservoir description results mainly include the unified standard of format in result uploading management, quality control in result storage uploading, tracking and updating in r esult production application.
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    Analogue Modeling of Fault Evolution of Central Uplift Belt in Huimin Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
    WANG Yandi, WANG Maomao, YAN Bing, TANG Mengjing, JIA Hongyi
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 22-35.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022075
    Abstract897)      PDF (6031KB)(329)       Save
    The Huimin Depression is located in the western part of the Jiyang Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, which has undergone a north-south extension during the Cenozoic period, forming a typical half graben structure. In the plane, a NE to near-EW oriented transtensional fault system is formed in the Central Uplift Belt (CUB) of the Huimin Sag. Vertically, the fault system of the CUB shows the characteristics from en-echelon to gradual connection from deep to shallow level. The structural characteristics of the Huimin CUB fault system have been well characterized, but its kinematic processes and controlling factors remain descriptive. In this paper, a set of transtensional analog modeling experiments are designed to investigate the faults evolution of the Huimin CUB. Our experiment reproduces the three stages of the fault system in the CUB of the Huimin Sag from early isolated segmentation, lateral propagation, and finally linking in the plane. In the profiles, the experimental results also correspond well to the structural changes of the CUB from a conjugate structure to a stepped faulting pattern along the strike. Based on the strain analysis by particle imaging velocimetry (PIV), this paper constructs a three-stage strain-distance statistics diagram for each segmented fault. It reveals the structural evolution of each segmental fault from early disconnected through lateral growth, from soft- to hard- linkage. This paper reveals the mechanism of faults development in the Huimin CUB based on sandbox analog modeling experiments. It can provide insights for the study of fault evolution and hydrocarbon forma tion in other similar transtensional basins.
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    Geochronology, Geochemistry and Geological Significance of Amphibolites in Cenxi-Luchuan Area, Southeastern Guangxi
    LIANG Renxin, SHI Yu, PANG Chaowei, LIU Xijun
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 178-195.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022093
    Abstract1212)      PDF (5358KB)(323)       Save
    Zircon U-Pb geochronology and whole-rock geochemistry of amphibolites in Cenxi-Luchuan area, southeastern Guangxi are analyzed in this study. The results show that the amphibolites are probably formed later than the Early Palaeozoic (487-428 Ma). The Mid-Neoarchean zircons reveal that the unexposed Archean crystalline basement might be existed. The whole-rock geochemistry shows that the amphibolites are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) such as K, Rb, Ba, Sr, etc., and light rare earth elements relative to the original mantle. They are obviously depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE) such as Nb, Ta, Ti, etc., similar to the characteristics of island arc basalt (IAB). The amphibolites are formed by melting the mantle wedge of ancient subduction metasomatism, which might be in the lithospheric extension stage after collision in the Early Paleozoic.
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    Incorporation Mechanism and Solubility Control Factors of Water in Eclogite from Subduction Zone
    YIN Changxin, KANG Lei, LIU Liang
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 142-156.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022098
    Abstract1162)      PDF (1175KB)(317)       Save
    Eclogite, an important high-pressure metamorphic rock in subduction zone, mainly consists of garnet and omphacite which are known as nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs). With the increasing temperature and pressure during slab subduction, the water-rich fluid is released, but garnet and omphacite in eclogite can still carry a certain amount of water and therefore become important carriers of water transporting to the interior of earth. During the exhumation of ultra-high pressure rocks, garnet and omphacite can release water as hydroxyl exsolution due to the decreasing pressure, which can consequently cause a series of important geodynamic processes such as retrograde metamorphism and even syn-exhumation magmatism. This paper summarized the analytical methods of water in minerals, the mechanism of water dissolved in garnet and omphacite, the controlling factors of water solubility (e.g., chemical composition, pressure, temperature, water fugacity, and oxygen fugacity) and the behavior of water in eclogite during slab subduction / exhumation. The future direction and key scientific problems are also prospected. 
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    Exploration of New Methods in Marine Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy
    CAI Yue
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 253-268.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024015
    Abstract2092)      PDF (2031KB)(294)       Save
    Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy (SIS) is an important tool for establishing age models for oceanic sedimentary deposits. It has wide applications in many fields including oil and gas exploration and paleoclimate reconstructions. SIS is based on the
    premise that global seawater is homogeneous relative to Sr isotopes but with variations through time. A key assumption of SIS is that the samples retain the Sr isotope composition of the original seawater where they form. However, diagenesis and loosely attached impurities can alter the Sr isotope composition of the fossil samples, thereby undermining the meaningfulness of the SIS age. Therefore, sample selection and preparation are crucial for obtaining meaningful SIS ages. This article evaluates existing methods for SIS, including sample preparation and Sr isotope analysis. In recent years, to precisely extract the composition of ancient seawater, studies using Nd, Pb, and Li isotopes in carbonates have thoroughly investigated different methods of sample preparation. Based on these technical advances, this paper thoroughly investigated an oyster sample with independent age constraints from the Miocene shallow-marine deposits of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. By comparing the elemental composition of sequential leachates of the oyster with those of present-day organisms, this paper proposes a new protocol for SIS sample preparation. This paper also compiles and compares the accuracy and precision of Sr isotope data measured using Thermo-ionizing mass spectrometry (TIMS) vs. Multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS). While for samples with abundant Sr, the new generation of MC-ICP-MS can reach similar precision and accuracy as the old generation TIMS, for smaller samples and samples that require higher precision, the new generation TIMS is still the best choice for SIS research. Finally, this paper makes some suggestions for Sr analysis on the MC-ICP-MS. 
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    NaOH Alkaline Fusion Method for B Isotope Analysis of Silicates
    LI Zhenghui, CAI Yue, WEI Haizhen, LI Ye, ZHANG Weiwei, LI Baichan
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 133-141.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023004
    Abstract834)      PDF (924KB)(289)       Save
    Boron(B) isotope analysis is an important tool in the research of earth and planetary science. However, challenges still exist for precise and accurate measurements of boron isotope ratios of silicate material due to the challenges in sample digestion.
    Alkaline fusion is a suitable sample dissolution method for boron isotope analysis in silicates. At present, alkaline fusion  methods require expensive platinum or glassy carbon crucibles as well as high flux-to-sample ratios. Additionally, the existing methods used for dissolving the fusion cake may cause boron loss. To achieve full dissolution and effectively prevent B loss, this study reports an improved alkali fusion method using sodium hydroxide and silver crucibles with a low flux-to-sample mass ratio of 5:1. Full dissolution was achieved through gentle heating in the presence of water combined with a stepwise dissolution procedure, which effectively prevented B loss during the dissolution of the fused alkaline cake. Using this improved procedure for dissolution, Amberlite IRA743 B-specific resin for B purification, and a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MCICP- MS) for isotope analysis, we report boron isotope compositions and concentrations data for five silicate international standards. The results are consistent with the published data within analytical uncertainties. This safe and efficient method will greatly facilitate B isotope research of silicates.
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    Niobium Mineralization in the Miaoya Alkaline Complex, Hubei Province: Constraints from Rutile Mineralogy and Geochronology
    YING Yuancan, CHEN Wei, LIU Jiajun, YANG Fan, JIANG Shaoyong
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 345-361.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024019
    Abstract1974)      PDF (6817KB)(248)       Save
    The Miaoya alkaline complex is mainly composed of syenite and carbonatite enriched in Nb and REE, with a verified
    Nb 2O 5 reserve of 0.93 Mt @ 0.12%. It is the second largest carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit in China, second only to Bayan Obo. Previous studies have focused on the genesis of carbonatite and the process of REE enrichment, but the occurrence and enrichment mechanism of Nb in syenite are still unclear. Based on field geological surveys, detailed petrography, mineral chemistry, and U-Pb dating of the Nb-bearing minerals in syenite were obtained using TIMA, EMPA and LA-ICP-MS analyses. The results show that the main Nb-bearing mineral in the Miaoya syenite is rutile, which can be divided into magmatic and hydrothermal generations based on texture and chemical composition. Magmatic rutile is rare, while hydrothermal rutile is common in various syenites, mostly disseminated along the edges or fissures of primary rutile or closely associated with biotite and ilmenite. Magmatic rutile shows low contents of Nb2O5 (1.43%~2.56%), FeO (0.74%~1.01%), and other trace elements (e.g., Ta, Cr, V, W, Mo, Sb); while hydrothermal rutile has variable enrichments of Nb2O5 (3.48%~20.68%), FeO (1.18%~6.92%), and other trace elements. In-situ U-Pb dating of rutile illustrates that the formation age of magmatic rutile is 446±21 Ma, while the formation age of hydrothermal rutile is 240±19 Ma, indicating that Nb mineralization in syenite experienced initial enrichment during the early Paleozoic magmatic stage and secondary enrichment during the Triassic hydrothermal metasomatic stage. In summary, we believe that Nb enrichment and mineralization in the Miaoyao complex are controlled by both magmatic and hydrothermal processes. During the early Paleozoic magmatic stage, niobium within syenite is mainly hosted by rutile, biotite and Ti-bearing minerals (e.g., ilmenite); in the Triassic hydrothermal metasomatic stage, hydrothermal fluids can decompose biotite to form secondary Nb-rich rutile and columbite, or metasomatize primary rutile and ilmenite to generate hydrothermal Nb-rich rutile. 
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    Mechanism of Vital Effect of Chemical Composition of Foraminifera Calcite Shell
    SUN Qianyuan, CHEN Tianyu
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 362-370.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024014
    Abstract1543)      PDF (1682KB)(244)       Save
    The element and isotope compositions of calcite formed by calcification of foraminifera shells are widely used in reconstructing paleo-marine evolution. However, it has been found that the chemical composition of foraminiferal calcite is
    significantly different from that of inorganic calcite precipitated directly in seawater, indicating that the chemical composition of foraminiferal shell is affected by the “vital effect”. In order to explore the controlling factors behind this “vital effect” and
    get more reliable paleo-oceanic indicators, a series of studies have been carried out from the aspects of calcification process and element partition mechanism. This study first summarized the two main ways of foraminifera calcification: seawater vacuolization model and Ca2+ transmembrane model. In the enclosed or semi-enclosed calcified space, the composition of trace elements in the fluid produces a Rayleigh fractionation effect with the precipitation of calcium carbonate, which becomes a classical model to explain the mechanism of the “ vital effect” of trace element partition in foraminifera. However, this model is still difficult to explain quantitatively the mechanism of low magnesium in foraminifera calcite shells, the composition of calcium isotopes, and the sensitivity of Mg/Ca ratios to temperature. Bio-carbonates, including foraminiferal calcite, may be common exist metastable precursor carbonate. The partition effect of trace elements during the conversion of metastable precursor carbonates to calcite may be an important reason to the formation of low magnesium in foraminifera. The recent discovery of vaterite in living foraminifera supports this hypothesis, but the partition of trace elements and isotope effects during the conversion of carbonate precursors to calcite are rarely studied. This paper focuses on the partition model of trace elements when the precursor of vaterite in foraminifera transformed to calcite. This model can explain the phenomenon of low magnesium in foraminifera quantitatively. At the same time, combined with the calcium isotope data synthesized in the laboratory and the calcium isotope fractionation mechanism in the calcification process of coccolith, this paper attempts to further conjecture the mechanism of “vital effect” of the chemical composition of foraminifera calcite shells from the perspective of calcium isotope. Metastable precursors may contribute significantly to the “vital effect” of trace elements partition and isotope fractionation during foraminifera calcification, and this model needs to be further verified from the perspective of other trace elements and isotopes. 
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    Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Ages and Geological Significance of the Late Stage Small Granitic Body in the Middle-Eastern Part of Guidong Complex Massif
    WU Jia, WU Jianhua, LIU Xiaodong, Wang Kaixing, LIU Shuai
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 56-71.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022079
    Abstract1318)      PDF (2931KB)(223)       Save
    The Guidong complex massif composed of multistage and multi-type intrusive mass is the host rock for one of the most important granite-related uranium ore fields. However, up to now, the discovered uranium deposits are only distributed in the eastern part of this complex massif. In order to understand the relations of magmatism to uranium metallogenesis, it is crucial to understand the differences of petrological characteristics and to define the petrogenic ages of intrusive masses both in the eastern part and in middle-west part of Guidong complex massif. Taking the Guiweishan fault as the boundary roughly, the previous studies indicated that Guidong complex massif is dominated by early Yanshanian granitic batholith in the middle-western part and by early Indosinian granitic batholith with late stage mafic dykes in the eastern part. It is generally agreed that the late-stage mafic dykes of Yanshanian ages closely link to uranium mineralization. However, the ages of widely distributed late-stage small granitic bodies in the middle-eastern part of Guidong complex massif are still under debate, and further study is necessary to reveal the spatial-temporal relationship and the possible genetic links of late-stage small granitic bodies to uranium mineralization. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the late-stage small granitic bodies in the middle-eastern part of Guidong complex massif was conducted in this paper. The results show that highuranium zircons are common in the late-stage small granitic bodies, which can explain the difference of zircon U-Pb ages from a granite body by different scholars. Eliminating the 206Pb/238U ages with high-uranium zircons in the weighted average age data processing, samples collected from the Aizi, Siqian and Chendong granitic bodies in the western part of the Guiweishan fault yielded the early Yanshanian magmatism with the 206Pb/ 238U zircon weighted average ages of 163.0±1.6

    Ma, 163.1±1.6 Ma and 160.7±1.9 Ma, respectively. While samples collected from the Maofeng, Fenshuiao and Guiweishan granitic bodies in the eastern part of the Guiweishan fault yielded the Indosinian magmatism with the 206Pb/238U zircon weighted average ages of 230.0±2.7 Ma, 225.9±2.9 Ma and 232.6±3.1 Ma, respectively. Therefore, the ages of the late-stage small granitic bodies in the middle-eastern part of Guidong complex massif are diverse in different locations. As the host rock of uranium deposits, the Indosinian small granites in the eastern part of the Guiweishan fault have the close links to high temperature sericitization type uranium mineralization. And the small granitic bodies may also provide the uranium sources based on the results of previous element geochemical st udies. 

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    Provenance and Tectonic Setting Analysis of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Sichuan Basin and Its Surrounding Area
    PENG Hao, CHEN Lei, HU Yunpeng, LU Chang, HENG De, WEN Ran, TAN Xiucheng, QIN Hexing
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 231-240.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022097
    Abstract1188)      PDF (1053KB)(219)       Save
    The Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shales show great variations in sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics across the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas. Provence and sources are the basis in determining  composition, mineralogy, and brittleness of shale. In this paper, we analyze the geochemical characteristics, source rock properties and tectonic setting of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas based on major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements data. The results show that the main components of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale are SiO 2, CaO and Al 2O 3 in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas. From the southwest to south -southeast -northeast Sichuan, the SiO 2 content in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shale increases gradually, while the CaO content decreases gradually. The La/Yb-REE diagram shows that the source rocks of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shale have certain variations in different areas of Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas. The source rocks of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shales are similar in southwest Sichuan and South Sichuan, mainly consisting of alkaline basalt, sedimentary rocks and granites. The shale source rocks of southeast Sichuan are mainly composed of granite and alkaline basalt, while the shale source rocks of northeast Sichuan are mainly composed of sedimentary rocks and granites. The ICV index analyses reveal that the source of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in southwest and south Sichuan is a result of rapid deposition of the first cycle of the near source, while the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in southeast and northeast Sichuan have undergone recycling or strong chemical weathering. The analyses of Sc/Cr-La/Y diagram and other related parameters indicate that the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shale in the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas was deposited in a passive continental margin.
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    Research of Full Dimension Monitoring Technology and Model Test of Slopes
    CHENG Gang, Zhang Haoyu, ZHU Honghu, SHI Bin, WU Jinghong
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 207-217.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023005
    Abstract902)      PDF (5426KB)(218)       Save
    China is one of the countries with the most severe geological disasters, among which landslides are the most severe. Therefore, it is crucial to study landslide disasters deeply. Slope engineering is often affected by the superposition effect of human engineering activities and natural geological processes, which induce difficulty to scientific understanding of the slope deformation and instability mechanisms. To accurately grasp the slope state information, as well as the process of deformation and instability, a full-dimensional monitoring system is established to achieve dynamic interpretation and characterization of slope state information, thereby obtaining a more accurate, reliable, and intuitive basis for slope stability evaluation. In this paper, we comprehensively analyzes the‘air-space-ground-interior’integrated monitoring technology system of slopes from the perspectives of slope failure modes, typical slope monitoring technologies, and clarification of slope deformation evolution processes; Also, this study provides an overview and summary of the slope monitoring technology based on distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS), with a focus on the research ideas and implementation paths of DFOS-based slope monitoring with multiple sources and fields. Further more, this study systematically reviews the process and results of physical model experiments of slopes based on typical monitoring technologies and DFOS technology, aiming to provide important reference for the design of slope reinforcement schemes and disaster prevention, mitigation and control.
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    Pyrophyllite Formation and Its Resource Implication in the Late Devonian Wutong Formation of Tongling Mineralization Cluster
    LIU Tong, XIE Qiaoqin, XU Liang, WANG Jiayu, ZHOU Yuefei, CHEN Tianhu, XU Xiaochun
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 157-164.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023002
    Abstract893)      PDF (1956KB)(217)       Save
    Yeshan iron deposit is a small-scale Carboniferous syn-sedimentary hydrothermally overprinted deposit in the Xinqiao ore field, Tongling mineralization cluster. In this paper, systematic mineralogical research has been carried out on sedimentary
    rocks of the Late Devonian Wutong Formation in Yeshan iron deposit using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results indicate that the dominant minerals in the Wutong Formation are detrital quartz and feldspar, and clay minerals including pyrophyllite, illite, and kaolinite, with some hematite and goethite. Higher average concentration of pyrophyllite in the studied Wutong sedimentary profile with from 7.54% to 70% occurs in the middle of the profile. Pyrophyllite in the samples shows micrometer scale euhedral to semi-euhedral block forms and grew around quartz particles. Pseudomorphic hexagonal prisms quartz particles consisting of lamellar pyrophyllite are also identified in the sedimentary rocks. The pyrophllite bearing ore compositions based on the XRF data show that the SiO2 content ranges from 44.47% to 80.23%, and Al2O3 from 10.49% to 28.75%. According to mineral assemblages and chemical compositions of the Wutong Formation sedimentary rocks from the Yeshan deposit, pyrophyllite bearing sedimentary rocks are proposed to be pyrophyllite ore and the ore belongs to silicaalumina pyrophyllite ores, which is an important raw clay mineral resource applied in the fields of ceramic raw material, refractory material, and alkali-free glass. The microstr uctures of the ore and the geological background of the mining area indicate that the pyrophyllite in the Wutong Formation may be the products of the reactivation of detrial kaolinite and quartz under Mesozoism. The finding of this study is an important for pyrophyllite ore prospecting in the Tongling region and the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Mineralization Belt which has similar ore-forming geological settings including the Wutong formation and Mesozoic magma.
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    Elastic Properties of Neoproterozoic Rocks from Xuefengshan Belt, South China
    PU Tengfei
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (01): 72-88.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022077
    Abstract917)      PDF (5226KB)(209)       Save
    Xuefengshan belt is located in the central part of South China. China’s Sinoprobe Project obtained a 400-kmlong high-resolution seismic-reflection profile across the central South China including Xuefeng-Jiangnan thrust belt. Interpretation of seismic data suggests that there is a hidden orogenic belt under Xuefengshan belt, which is Paleoproterozoic (2.05-1.75ga) and modified by Neoproterozoic rifting. This rifting may be related to the breakup of Rodinia supercontinent, and thus is of great significance for understanding the tectonic evolution history of South China and reconstructing the evolution of supercontinents Rodinia and Columbia. In this paper, the wave velocity characteristics of the low-grade metamorphic sedimentary rocks of the Neoproterozoic Banxi Group and Lengjiaxi Group in the Xuefengshan area are studied using the ultrasonic pulse transmission method. The results show that the wave velocity increases rapidly and nonlinearly with pressure, after the critical pressure, velocity increases slowly and linearly with the pressure. For rocks with lineation and foliation, the fastest wave propagation direction is parallel to the foliation and lineation, and the slowest wave propagation direction is vertical to the foliation and lineation. The anisotropy of rock seismic wave is 2%~12%. The theoretical calculation results are in good agreement with the actual measurement data. Therefore, the experimental measurements of velocity provide velocity data for the seismic data interpretation in Xuefengshan belt. 
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    Molecular Simulations on the Controls of Phase Transition of Ca-Mg-Ba-CO3 Amorphous Precursors by Dehydration: Comparative Study of Dolomite and Norsethite
    CHEN Yan, ZHU Xiangyu, TENG Hui
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 119-132.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023019
    Abstract1223)      PDF (2626KB)(208)       Save
    Dolomite, one of the most widely distributed carbonate minerals on the Earth’s surface, is abundantly developed in ancient strata, but rarely exposed in modern marine environments. After decades of research, few low-temperature experiments have been reported to successfully synthesize ordered dolomite. The mineralization behavior of dolomite is one of the most intriguing mysteries. Conventional wisdom theories that Mg 2+ hydration is the critical limit for Mg 2+ to enter carbonate lattice. However, a recent study unveiled evidence questioning this premise and instead indicated that the structural constraints in the relevant amorphous precursor phase may play a more important role. Because transformation and crystallization of amorphous precursor phase in solution is a likely crystallization pathway for dolomite formation, and dehydration may have a pivotal effect on this process. Therefore, we carried out a study using molecular dynamics simulations to study the phase transition and dehydration process of amorphous precursors in Ca-Mg-Ba-CO 3 systems. The results show that the density increases significantly during the dehydration process, but the distances between metal cations and other ions are little affected and the total coordination number is unchanged. In terms of translational dynamics, the diffusion behavior of amorphous precursors in hydrated Ca-Mg-CO 3 and Ba-Mg-CO 3 systems (i.e., ACMC and ABMC) are similar, but the particle of ACMC is less mobile, hindering the aggregation of nucleation clusters. Thermodynamically, there is a significant difference in the dehydration enthalpy between ACMC and ABMC systems, with ACMC system having a higher dehydration enthalpy and the difficulty in losing the last few H 2O molecule from the structure, presumably limiting dolomite crystallization. This study systematically addressed the role of dehydration in controlling the crystallization of dolomite and norsethite and the findings of this study may provide insight into the “dolomite problem”.
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    Discovery of Volcanic Clay-type Lithium Deposit in Region of Volcanic Rocks Along the Southeastern Coast of China
    SHAO Xiaoyang, DENG Fei, ZHANG Zhongjin, WANG Rucheng, LU Xiancai, CHE Xudong
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (04): 409-417.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024031
    Abstract169)      PDF (5089KB)(206)       Save
    We report the lithium enrichment in the late Cretaceous Yetang Formation, located in the Shirenbei Basin, northeast of Guangdong Province. The Li2O content is greater than 0.2%, and can be a target for extracting lithium. Comprehensive crosssections of the Shirenbei Basin, geochemical analyses and lithofacies interpretation suggest that the lithium-enriched layers occur in shale, mudstone and siltstone, located in Middle-Upper Yetang Formation; lithium is mainly stored in clay minerals, whose formation is closely related to volcanic activities. It was initially interpreted as a volcanic-type lithium-rich clay deposit. The basin structure provides the environment for sedimentation and concentration of lithium. The layers containing enriched lithium are approximately 226 meters thick in total, and are in great potential for extracting lithium deposit. This discovery provides fclues on investigating large-scale lithium-rich clay deposits related to volcanic activities along the southeast coast of China. 
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    Rate, Mechanism, and Geological and Geochemical Effects of Fungi Oromoting Silicate Mineral Weathering
    LI Zibo, LU Xianca, TENG HuiHenry, LIU Lianwen, QIE Wenkun, PANG Ke, ZHANG Wenxuan, JI Junfeng, CHEN Jun
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 322-335.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2024011
    Abstract1324)      PDF (2420KB)(198)       Save
    Fungi are widespread and can be found from the Earth’s surface to depths of up to 1.4 km in the continental crust. Based on their ecological habits and nutritional modes, fungi can be categorized as saprotrophic, symbiotic, or parasitic. Hyphae are the basic structural units of fungi. Through their tip-elongated growth and robust metabolic capabilities, fungal hyphae play a unique role in the weathering of silicate minerals, especially those containing nutrient elements. This process regulates essential geological and geochemical processes such as soil formation, mineralization, and the biogeochemical cycling of elements. However, the role of fungi in natural silicate weathering has been relatively overlooked. Our review starts by examining fungal growth patterns, aiming to elucidate their impact on the rate and mechanisms of silicate mineral weathering, as well as their contribution to natural silicate weathering. Through a literature review and in the context of global change, we propose key areas of focus for future research: (1) further quantifying the contribution of fungi to silicate mineral weathering in natural environments, (2) clarifying the coupling of fungal-promoted silicate mineral weathering with geological and geochemical processes, and (3) leveraging functional fungi to improve the efficiency of terrestrial enhanced silicate weathering for carbon removal. These investigations will deepen our understanding of the role of fungi in key surface processes, provide important information for Earth system models (GEOCARB, COPSE, and SCION), enhance the accuracy of predictions regarding the interactions of different spheres in Earth systems, and offer new methods and scientific evidence for the effective carbon sequestration through enhanced silicate weathering.
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    Reconstructing Humidity Using the Triple Oxygen Isotopes of Pedogenic Carbonates
    DA Jiawei
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 241-252.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023069
    Abstract1652)      PDF (1107KB)(188)       Save
    The secondary carbonate formed during the soil formation process (pedogenic carbonate) is a crucial material in
    paleoclimate studies. In previous research, it has been widely used to reconstruct atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, paleoaltimetry, the evolution of regional paleovegetation (C 3, C 4 plants), precipitation, and temperature. However, like most other paleoclimate indicators, proxies based on pedogenic carbonate (such as stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, trace elements, etc.) are influenced by multiple climate factors, resulting in ambiguity. Therefore, obtaining reliable paleoenvironmental information requires the integration of multiple indicators. With the recent development of isotope testing methods, in addition to the traditional 18O/ 16O, triple oxygen isotope analysis ( 17O/ 16O) has been increasingly applied in paleoclimatology. Pedogenic carbonates inherit the oxygen isotope signal of soil water. Combined with the carbonate-clumped isotope temperature, the 17O anomaly of soil water can be reconstructed. The soil-water-Δ′ 17O is mainly controlled by the evaporation process, thus providing information about past humidity. This article provides a detailed introduction to the theoretical basis of pedogenic carbonate triple oxygen isotopes. It quantitatively discusses the impact of various climate factors on pedogenic carbonate triple oxygen isotopes using existing soil water triple oxygen isotope models.
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    Using Vanadium Isotopes to Constrain the Proportion of Lunar-forming Material
    SHI Zhen, QI Yuhan, HUANG Fang, DING Xin
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (03): 371-378.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2023065
    Abstract1581)      PDF (1037KB)(183)       Save
    The classic giant impact model is currently the most widely accepted hypothesis for explaining the lunar formation process. It posits a collision between a proto-Earth in its late accretion stage and a Mars-sized impactor named Theia. According to this model, the majority of the Moon’s material is derived from Theia. However, there is still a lack of precise constraints on the contribution percentage of the impactor to the lunar mass. In this study, high-precision measurements of mantle peridotites and komatiites are employed to reevaluate the V isotope composition of the Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE). Unlike previous studies, the new data indicate δ51VBSE=-0.91±0.02‰(2SE, n=18). We incorporated this into a two-component mixing model for the Earth-Moon system, considering a system with pre-impact (proto-Earth, Theia) and post-impact (Earth, Moon, escaping mass) components. The best estimate for the mass fraction of Theia in the present Moon ranges from 73% for M Theia=0.8M Mars to 83% for M Theia=0.45M Earth This represents a reduction of approximately 5% in Theia’s contribution compared to earlier studies. These findings provide more reliable parameters for the classic collision model, contributing to a deeper understanding of the lunar formation process.
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    Asteroid Microgravity Impact Sampling Study Based on Discrete Element Method Simulation
    GENG Huan, ZHU Yao, LIU Chun, ZHANG Chenwei
    Geological Journal of China Universities    2024, 30 (02): 196-206.   DOI: 10.16108/j.issn1006-7493.2022094
    Abstract968)      PDF (8024KB)(178)       Save
    Impact sampling is a sampling method applicable to the microgravity environment on the surface of asteroids and has been successfully applied to the Hayabusa 1 and Hayabusa 2 asteroid exploration missions. In this paper, an asteroid microgravity
    impact sampling model is developed based on the domestic high-performance discrete element software MatDEM. The effects of initial impact velocity and projectile shape on the interior regolith features and ejecta after impact are investigated. The results show that increasing initial impact velocity can increase the stress and dense degree inside the same region of the regolith, and increase the number of ejecta particles and the number of ejecta particles from the deep part of the regolith. Within the same area of the regolith, the cone-headed projectile produces the highest stress peaks and the flat-headed projectile produces the lowest stress peaks. Round and flat-headed projectiles produce the highest number of ejecta particles and have the best deep sampling capability. Cone-headed projectile produces the lowest number of ejecta particles and has the weakest deep sampling capability. The conclusions help to understand the internal mechanism of the impact process and provide a reference for the design of impact sampling schemes in deep space exploration.
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